Patterns of Development (Part 2)

Cause and Effect Definition

A cause is what makes a particular thing happen, and an effect is what results from a situation, activity, or behavior.

Cause and Effect Organization

Can be organized as Effect → Causes (effect in topic sentence) or Cause → Effects (cause in topic sentence).

Analogy

A comparison between an unfamiliar idea and something familiar to help readers comprehend and make points memorable.

Purpose Of Analogy

explains a unfamiliar idea by comparing it to something the reader already understands

Analogy vs. Metaphor

An analogy compares things to explain a principle, whereas a metaphor simply states that something is something else.

Process Paragraph Definition

Explains how something works or tells how to do something by discussing steps one by one in the correct order.

Two Types of Process Paragraphs

Process explanations (help readers understand) and Instructions (give information needed to perform a task).

Informational/Descriptive Process /Process Explanation

simply describes the process for the reader for how something is done/produced and does not necessarily perform it

Instructional/Directional Process/ Instructions

explains the reader how to perform a task or how to do/make something.

-gives a set of instructions to follow and is imperative

EX: Cooking Book / Instruction Manual

Imperative

absolutely necessary and gives commands/order

Important Elements of Process Writing

Complete steps, correct sequence, and transition words (e.g., first, next, then, finally).

Rules for a Good Process Essay

Use present simple tense, passive voice, sequence words, avoid repetition, use pronouns, include definitions, and be clear.

Problem and Solution Paragraph

Identifies a problem, describes why it is an issue, and proposes one or more solutions, often using first conditionals.

Steps in Writing a Problem-Solution Essay

1. Identify a problem, 2. Research causes and effects, 3. Propose a practical solution and include counterarguments for credibility & trust

Problem Paragraph

Elaborates on the problem and its significance.

Topic Sentence

names the issue being discussed

Supporting Sentences

explains why the issue is a problem

Solution Paragraph

Present and describe a concrete solution to the

problem.

First Conditional

Expresses a real condition. Form: present simple + will. e.g.: If it rains, we'll eat inside

(if clause and a result clause)

Persuasive Paragraph

Tries to convince the reader to adopt a viewpoint, featuring a subjective point of view, bias, and supporting facts or evidence.

Structure of a Persuasive Essay

Starts with a hook, anecdote, or quotation; body includes a thesis statement, points, evidence, and examples.

Persuasive Essay Advice

Know your subject, research, ensure clarity, repeat ideas (not words), tell a good story, and avoid 'obviously'.

Bias

favors one side of an issue rather than remaining completely objective

Subjective

based on a particular point of view rather than being completely neutral