Key Terms/Ideas/People ARC2701 (9-13)

EXAM#3

Ptolemaic Egypt

• Macedonian Dynasty in Egypt founded by Ptolemy I Soter, assumed kingship of Egypt in 305 BCE

• Descendants ruled Egypt until Cleopatra VII’s death in 30 BCE

• Wealthiest kingdom to emerge post-Alexander the Great

• Politically + culturally powerful, last to fall under roman dominion

• Set an example for other Hellenistic Kingdoms

Vendism

• A religion for ALL, not just elites

• 4 ranks in society; Brahmans on top

  • polytheistic system, Indra highest ranked

  • Centered around ritual sacrifice of animals + soma (psychoactive substance). Fire sacrifices on brick platforms

  • began simple (no temples/statues), turned more complex, only Brahmans were trained to carry out correctly.

• Widespread in Indian Kingdoms ca.1200 BCE

• Altars, sacred rivers, procession of dieties.

Ghat

Passage/flight of steps leading to riverside

Burning Ghat

Place on the edge of a river where Hindus cremate their dead

Bhuddism

• Religion/philosophy founded(ca.528 BCE) by Gautama Siddhartha (the enlightened one; ca. 563-483 BCE)

• FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS:

  • existence is suffering

  • suffering=desire

  • suffering ends with achievement of Nirvana

  • Nirvana attained through the Eightfold Path:

    • right views,resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration.

• NO GODS

• Karma: good actions rewarded; bad actions punished.

Ascenticism

Severe self-discipline and avoidance of all indulgence

Mahavira Jain

(ca, 599-527) Founder of the tenets of Jainism

Mauryan Empire

• First to extend over most of the subcontinent

• fiunded by Chandragupta Maurya, iverthrowing Magadha in northeast India

• capital at Pataliputra, expanding westward

• Became Jain ascetic, grandson Ashoka renounced and adopted Bhuddism as state religion in ca.260 BCE.

Stupa

• Bhuddist funerary mound

• Bell-like form platform at the top w/ stone railings

• one of the 3 major elements of the bhuddist faith

• distinct and purely religious monument

Parikarma/pradakshina

ritual of moving in a clockwise round a holy site as an indication of reverence.

chaitya, chaitya hall, or chaitya-griha

• A hall of worship

• one of the 3 major architectural elements of the bhuddist faith.

Vihara

• Residence hall for the monks

• square/rectangular court; cells occupied by Bhuddist monks, one sell reserved for a stupa.

The Etruscans

• northern Italy, ca. 800-200 BCE

• renowned for rich mineral resources + major trading power

• culture+history obliterated or assimilated into Rome

• evidence in tombs; wall paintings, roman adoption of clothing, religious practices, architecture,

Augury (auspicium)

• practice of revealing future, hidden truths, obtaining guidence

• observation+interpretation of natural signs

  • birds, celestial phenomena

Templum (pl. templa)

• a space humans, represented by priests (augurs), interacted with the gods

• locations of many official state functions—senatorial meetings, etc.

Roman Republic

• ca. 509-27

• over the nect 450 years, conquered all of Italy, France, Spain, Turkey, North Africa, and Greece

• “Hellenized” art, archotecture, literacture, culture.

• wealth= turmoil, collapse into civil war. Augustus took control as first emperor

Comitium

The cheif of political assembly in rome

Curia

Senate-house of Rome

Rostra

Speakers platform lay on the south side of the comitium

Tabularium

Official record office in home, housing law tablets constructed in 78 BCE

Basilica Sempronia, Basilica Aemilia

buildings serving as law courts

Temple of Vesta

Where eternal flame always burned, most sacred spot in Ancient Rome.

Celts (Gauls)

• Indo-European people spread across europe from 1000-100BCE

• British Isles, Northern Spain, Transylvania, Black Sea coasts, and Galatia

• Iron Age culture that received luxury items through trade from Greece

Augustus (Who?)

• Romes first emperor (27BCE-14CE)

• era of relative peak: PAX ROMANA

• Rebuilt parts of Rome, found rome a city of brick and turned it into marble

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Colonnade

A series of columns in a straight line supporting an entablature

Exedra

Large semicircular niche-like building withs tone steads ranged around the walls.

Quadriga

Sculptured group representing a two wheeled chariot with a drive and drawn by r horses; usually associated with victory monuments.

Roman Empire

• Started with Augustus in 27BCE, different emperors proceeded him for 500 years

• expanded across Syria, Spain, Britian, and Egypt

• 3rd century CE: economic crisis, short-lived emperors, usurpers, barbarian incursions,

Castrum

Roman fortified camp. two main thoroughfares at right angles, the cardo maximus and via decumana, which each joined two gates set in towers with walls and towers around the whole.

Cardo

Main street in a Roman town running north to south

decumanus

Main street in a Roman town leading from east to west

Circus

Long, narrow building used by romans in chariot races

Emperor Hadrian

• 78-138 CE, reign began in 117CE

• deepest interest in architecture. A poet, painter, and commander

• interest in Hellenistic East (including Egypt and Syria), familiar with sun temples, mystery cults emphasized light and darkness.

Concrete

Structural material. Consists of hard, chemically inert particulate substance known as AGGREGATE, bonded together by cement and water.

Pozzolana

Hydraulic cement perfected by Romans. Made by grinding volcanic origin material with powdered hydrated lime, used in construction of pantheon and Baths of Caracalla.

Niche

Shallow ornamental recess in a wall containing a statue, urn, etc.

Aedicula/aedicule

Architectural frame around a doorway, niche, or window. Consists of two columns/ pilasters over an entablature with pediment.

Apse

Semi-circular recess covered by a hemispherical vault/semi-dome

Pilaster

A shallow rectangular column that projects slightly beyond the wall into which it is built and conforms precisely to the order or style of the adjacent columns.

Name each structural element

1. Entablature

2. cornice

3. column

4. aedicula

5. niche

6. arch

Parthian Empire

• seminomadic people from east of the caspian sea

• Romes great rival in the east, noted for their mounted archers

• Between Rome and Han China, grew rich as middlemen, taxing silk and other goods.

• ruled loosely

The Nabataeans

• first recorded in 312BCE

• Nomads who lived in tents, refusing to build houses or plant crops.

• grew rich controlling caravan trade from southern Arabia.

• Over time, settled, with Petra as their capital

• last king, Rabbel I died, annexed by Emperor Trajan as the Roman province of Arabia.

• Remained prosperous under Rome, but lost ground as trade routes shifted.

Emperor Qin Shu Huangdi

• Ruler of the state of Qin in 246 BCE, declared himself emperor in 221 BCE.

• Suppressed opposition of his rule on the grounds that he had a divine mandate to unify China

• ordered frontier walls to be extended, forming the Great Wall of China

• Unpopular; raised taxes, intolerant to those who supported him, deprived nobility of power.

Han Dynasty (206BCE-220CE)

• two periods:

  • Western: When Chang’an (present day Xi’an)was the capital (Former Han)

  • Eastern: Luoyang as new capital, 230 miles east of Xi’an (Later Han)

• Philosophy and Literature flourished, Confucianism became official government orthodoxy.

• 100 CE, trade along Silk Route flourished.

Confucianism

• Dominated China until the early 20th century

• Challenged Bhuddism’s inability to set out principles of an organized social and political order.

• Bhuddism governs temples and Monasteries while court operated on Confucian principles.

Mound Builders

• a range of North American cultures

• lived in eastern woodlands and constructed platform mounds for ceremonial and burial purposes.

The Olmec

• First elaborate pre-colombian civilization of Mesoamerica (ca.1200-400BCE)

• culture influenced later Mesoamerican civilizations (the Maya and Aztec)

• one of the first to introduce full scale agriculture to mesoamerica

• monumental stone sculptures (colossal heads)

Talud-tablero

used in temple, pyramids, and platforms in mesoamerica. a sloping wall (talud) mounted by a table-like right angled panel inset (tablero)

Jesus

• teachings made jewish hierarchy and Roman governers uncomfortable—”render unto Ceasar what is Ceasar’s and to God what is God’s”

• thought to be seditious, died a martyr

• twelve apostles elaborated on his life story of miracles and matrydom.

Fall of the Western Roman EMpire

• Rise of Christianity coincided with the fall of the Western Roman Empire

• suffered from a weakened army, foregin mercenaries, dwindling tax base and plauges.

• raids by horsemen, Mongolian steppes, penetrated weakest points of empire

• Rome loses political primacy in 3rd century, emperors rarely resided there

• 4-man executive system established in hopes of saving empire (tetrarchy)

Martyr

A person who dies willingly rather than renouncing their religious faith

martyrium

Circular/polygonal structure built over a tomb of a christian martyr; a mausoleum

Basilica

earliest usage designated any number of large roofed public buildings in ancient Rome and pre-Christian Italy: markets, courthouses, covered promenades, and meeting halls. Gradually, however, the word became limited to buildings of a more or less definite form: rectangular walled structures with an open hall extending from end to end, usually flanked by side aisles set off by colonnades (in large buildings often running entirely around the central area), and with a raised platform at one or both ends

nave

• central and principal part of a Christian church. Extending from the entrance(narthex) to the transepts/chancel.

Aisle

portion of the church/basilica that parallels or encircles the major sections (nave,choir, or apse). often set up by columns.

Narthex

Long, narrow, enclosed porch, often colonnaded, crossing the entire width of a church at its entrance

Label each

1. apse

2. aisles

3. nave

4. narthex

transept

area of a cruciform church lying at right angles to the principal axis. The bay at which the transept intersects the main body of the church is called the crossing.

clerestory

any fenestrated wall of a room that is carried higher than the surrounding roods to light the interior space. In a large scale building, where interior walls are far from the structures exterior walls, this method of lighting wother wise enclosed, windowless spaces became a necessity.

pendentive

A triangular segment of a spherical surface filling the upper corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support for a dome.

Kingdom of Aksum

• Powerful kingdom in Ethiopia during the earl Christian era

• grew as a trading empire, challenging the Kingdom of Meroë.

• Embraced christianity under King Ezana, linking Aksum to Byzantine Egypt religiously and politically in the 4th century.