ILTS Elementary Education (305-Content Test)

Nouns

A person, place, thing, or idea

Common Noun

The class or group of people, places, and things (not capitalized)

Proper Nouns

The names of a specific person, place, or thing (capitalized)

General Nouns

The names of conditions or ideas

Specific Nouns

Names people, places, and things that are understood by using your senses

Collective Nouns

The names for a person, place or thing that may act as a whole

Pronouns

Words that are used to stand in for a noun

Nominative Nouns and Pronouns

The case for nouns and pronouns that are the subject of a sentence

Objective Nouns and Pronouns

The case for nouns and pronouns that are an object in a sentence

Possessive Nouns and Pronouns

The case for nouns and pronouns that show possession or ownership

How can Pronouns be Grouped?

-Intensive (I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, the itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves)

-Relative (which, who, whom, whose)

-Interrogative (what, which, who, whom, whose)

-Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)

-Indefinite (all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several)

-Reciprocal (each other, one another)

Transitive Verbs

A verb whose action points to a receiver

Intransitive Verbs

A verb that does not point to a receiver of an action

Action Verbs

A verb that shows what subject is doing in a sentence

Linking Verbs

Link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun or link a subject with an adjective

Transitive Verbs-Active Voice

The subject of the sentence is doing the action

Transitive Verbs-Passive Voice

The subject receives the action

Past Verbs

The action happened in the past

Present Verbs

The action happens at the current time

Future Verbs

The action is going to happen later

Past Perfect Verbs

The second action started in the past and the first action came before the second

Present Perfect Verbs

The action started in the past and continues into the present

Future Perfect Verbs

An action that uses the past and the future

Conjugating Verbs

When you change the form of a verb

Indicative Moods

Used for facts, opinions, and questions

Imperative Moods

Used for orders or requests

Subjunctive Moods

Used for wishes and statements that go against facts

Adjectives

A word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun

Articles

Adjectives that are used to mark nouns

Types of Articles

-Definite (the)

-Indefinite (a, an)

Relative Adjectives

Can show the comparison between things

Absolute Adjectives

Can show comparison

Adverbs

A word that is used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb

Rules to Compare Adverbs and Adjectives

-Positive (standard or normal form)

-Comparative (compares 1 person or thing to another)

-Superlative (compares more than 2 people or things)

Prepositions

A word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence

Conjunctions

Join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the join pieces

Correlative Conjunctions

Show the connection between pairs

Subordinating Conjunctions

Join subordinate clauses with independent clauses

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

After, although, because, before, in order that, since, so that, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while

Interjections

A word for exclamation that is used alone or as a piece to a sentence

Subject

Names who or what the sentence is all about

Complete Subject

Includes the simple subject and all of its modifiers

Simple Subject

The subject of the sentence

Imperitove Sentences

The verbs subject is understood, but not actually presented in the sentence

Predicate

Explains or describes the subject

Subject Verb Agreement

Verbs agree with their subjects in number

Complements

A noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the subject or verb in the sentence

Direct Objects

A noun or pronoun takes or receives the action of a verb

Indirect Objects

A word or group of words that show how an action had an influence on someone or something

Predicate Nominatives

The word (noun or pronoun) that gets linked to the subject in the predicate that describe or define the subject

Predicate Adjectives

The word (adjective) that gets linked to the subject in the predicate that describe or define the subject

Pronoun-Antecedents Agreement

Pronouns and their antecedents agree when they have the same number and gender

Clauses

A group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate

Independent Clauses

Contains a complete thought (stands alone)

Dependent/Subordinate Clauses

Includes a subject and verb (cant stand alone)

Adjective Clauses

A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun

Essential Clauses

Explains or defines a person or thing (no comma)

Nonessential Clauses

Give more information about a person or thing but are not necessary to define them (uses comma)

Adverb Clauses

A dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb

Noun Clause

A dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or complement

Subordination

When 2 related ideas are not of equal importance, the ideal way to combine them is to make the more important idea an independent clause, and the less important idea a dependent or subordinate clause

Phrases

A groups of words that functions as a single part of speech that adds detail or explanation to a sentence, or renames something in the sentence

Prepositional Phrases

Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition

Verbal Phrases

Formed from a verb but does not function as a verb

Types of Verbals

-Participle (always functions as an objective)

-Gerund (always functions as a noun)

-Infinitive (functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb)

Participle Phrases

Come right before or right after the noun or pronoun that they modify

Gerund Phrases

Can be used as the subject of a sentence, the predicate nominative, or the object of a verb or preposition

Infinitive Phrases

Includes the verbal itself and all of its complements or modifiers

Appositive Phrases

Used to explain or rename nouns or pronouns

Absolute Phrases

Consists of a noun followed by a participle to provide context to what is being describes in the sentence

Proper Parallel Structures

Items and ideas must be stated in grammatically equivalent ways

Complete Sentence

Has a subject and a verb or predicate

Fragments

Sentences without a complete thought

Declarative Sentences

States a fact and ends with a period

Imperative Sentences

Tells someone to do something and ends with a period

Interrogative Sentences

Asks a question and ends with a question mark

Exclamatory Sentences

Shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point

Simple Sentences

Has 1 independent clause with no dependent clauses

Compound Sentences

Has 2 or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses

Complex Sentences

Has 1 independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause

Compound-Complex Sentences

Has 2 independent clauses and at least 1 dependent clause

Run-On Sentences

Consist of multiple independent clauses that have not been joined together properly

How to Correct Run-On Sentences?

-Join Clauses Properly

-Split into separate sentences

-Make 1 clause dependent

-Reduce to 1 clause with a compound verb

Dangling Modifier

A dependent clause or verbal phrase that does not have a clear logical connection to a word in the sentence

Split Infinitive

Occurs when a modifying word comes between the word to and the verb that pairs with to

Negative Modifiers

Should not be paired with other negative modifiers or negative words

When do you use a Period?

-Declarative sentences

-Imperative sentences

-Abbreviations

When do you use a Question Mark?

-Direct questions

-Polite requests

When do you use an Exclamation Mark?

Exclamatory interjections

Comma

A punctuation mark that can help you understand connections in a sentence

When do you use a Comma?

-Before a coordinating conjunction

-After an introductory phrase

-After an adverbial clause

-Between items in a series

-Between coordinate adjectives

-Interjections

-After yes and no responses

-Separate nonessential modifiers

-Separate nonessential appositives

-Set off nouns of direct address, interrogative tags, and contrast

-dates, addresses, geographical names, and titles

-Separate expressions like he said and she said

Semicolon

Used to connect major sentence pieces of equal value

When do you use a Semicolon?

-Between closely connected independent clauses

-Between independent clauses linked with a transitional word

-Between items in a series that has internal punctuation

Colon

Used to call attention to the words that follow it

When do you use a Colon?

-After a complete independent clause

-Make a list

-Explanations ams give a quote

-After the greeting in a formal letter, to show hours and minutes, and Separate a title and subtitle

Parentheses

Are used for additional information

When do you use Quotation Marks?

-Close off a persons spoken or written words

-Titles and short works

-Highlight irony

-Inside for periods and commas

-Outside for colons and semicolons

Apostrophe

Use to show possession or the deletion of letters in contractions

Hyphens

Used to separate compound words

When do you use Hyphens?

-Compound numbers

-Written our fractions

-Adjectives that come before a noun