Exam 2 Ancient Empires

Djoser

The 3rd Dynasty ca. 2686-2613 BCE

• Hetepsekhemwy’s tomb & 1000s of stone vessels were usurped & expanded on by Djoser for step pyramid complex

• The famine stela

  1. Reign of Ptolemy V (c. 200 BCE) from Sehel

  2. Talks about 7 years of famine that djoser had to content with

  3. With help of Imhotep, they saved egypt

• Djoser

  1. Reigned for 19 years according to Manetho & Turin Canon, but is that really 38 years?

  2. Built throughout the country, not just at his funerary complex

  3. Instituted the civil calendar based on 365 days, which was more accurate than the lunar calendar

  4. Sent expeditions to Wadi Maghara to get turquoise & copper

Djoser’s step pyramid

1. Had a step pyramid complex

   1. 1st pyramid & 1st large scale stone monument in history

   2. Takes a much larger workforce to build out of stone than mudbrick

      1. May indicate that the corvee tax system was in place

   3. Pyramid is made w/ small stones that 1 or 2 ppl could carry

   4. Experimenting w/ stone & don’t quite know how to build using non-organic materials

   5. Evolution of step pyramid indicates at least 5 stages

   6. 12 subsidiary graves located in shafts on E. side of pyramid & descending below

   7. Heb-Sed court

   8. Chapels of upper and lower egypt

   9. At southern end there is a podium w/ steps up, symbolizing the dais where the king would have sat enthroned

   10. Ceremonies took place in front of governors from throughout the land, each of whom would have given tribute

   11. Narmer mace head (Naqada III c. 3000BC)

   12. 7 mini step pyramids: connected w/ large towns, not w/ cemeteries

2. serdab

3. Imhotep

   1. Builder, sculptor, & high priest of Re

   2. Designed Djoser complex & implemented its construction

Snefru

1. uilt 3 pyramids, 1 at meidum & 2 at Dahshur

   1. Tries to figure out how to build pyramid w/ smooth sides

   2. Meidum collapses & it was abandoned 

      1. Very important burial ground there for elite 

      2. Mastaba 16 is one of largest of period

         1. For son of king

      3. Unique style of decoration

         1. Reliefs inlaid w/ colored pastes

         2. King came up with this design because it wouldn’t be erased

         3. Very fine painting of geese

         4. Detailed sculptures 

2. 4th dynasty

3. Snefru had a reputation of being really kind

4. Snefrus pyramidal volume out weighs all other pyramids, even the Great Pyraamid of Khufu

5. Sneferu’s international contacts

   1. Sneferus era is associated w/ increased trade w/ Byblos which will be important for many years to come

   2. Palermo stone reveals campaigns into Nubia

Snefru’s standard pyramid complex

1. Begins to develop in D4 but not fully realized until D5

2. After a king died, the temple priesthood would worship him as a deity in perpetuity

   1. These cults were funded by land grants across country

3. Key elements

   1. Pyramid, subsidiary pyramids, satellite pyramid, enclosure wall, mortuary (upper) temple, causeway, valley (lower) temple, boats, magazines

4. Dahsur

   1. Starts w/ too steep of an angle at the base so he has to change the slope halfway through

   2. Uses extremely large blocks

5. Red pyramid

   1. 1st true pyramid

   2. Massive chambers inside rather than below in bed rock which is very challenging to build

   3. 2nd largest pyramid

6. Pyramids begin to develop

   1. Size & quality decreases after dynasty 4

   2. All pyramids built out from saqqra

   3. All pyramid complexes have

      1. Alignment w/ stars

      2. Alignment w/ heliopolis

      3. Mortuary temple on east face that is connected via a causeway 

      4. Have queens pyramids (smaller)

      5. Boats

2. Pyramid Age pt2

   1. Hemiunu

      1. Vizer & architect of great pyramid, cousin of Khufu (power in hands of only a few)

      2. Great pyramid

         1. 3 subsidiary queen pyramids

            1. Tomb of queen Hetepheres

               1. No body discovered 

               2. Many grave goods

               3. Wife of snefru & mother of khufu

               4. Shaft tomb w/o superstructure

            2. Boats

               1. Represent Re’s boats in underworld

               2. Was used in real life

      3. Shaft tombs

         1. w/o superstructure like tomb of queen hetepheres

            1. Wife of snefru & mother of Khufu, but is only buried by her son

Mentuhotep II

1. Dynasty 11- thebes (house of intef)

   1. 1st half of dynasty is FIP, Mentuhotep II brings Middle Kingdom

   2. Son of Intef III, reigns 51 yrs

   3. Reunited the country

   4. Took 3 diff horus names 

      1. Chronologically distinct & correspond to major events in his reign

      2. Years 1-14= Saankhibtawy (Who causes the heart of the 2 lands to live)

      3. Years 14 to unification (yr. 30-39)- Netjeryhet (Divine of the White Crown)

      4. Year 39 to death= Sematawy (Unifier of the 2 lands)

      5. Names correspond to building phases of his mortuary complex at Deir El-Bahri

   5. Self-deification legitimizes his reign & acts as propaganda to the people

      1. Uses title “Divine of the White Crown”

      2. Calls himself the “Son of Hathor”

      3. Builds temple in the cliffs of Hathor at Deir el-Bahri

      4. Uses iconography from gods Amun and Min

      5. Celebrates Sed-festival

   6. Reorganized administration, establishing the following key positions:

      1. Vizier- ran gov. & campaigned into Nubia

      2. Treasurer “Overseer of Sealed Goods”- responsible for goods coming in & out of palace (2nd to the vizier)

      3. Steward “Overseer of an estate”- responsible for lands supplying the palace & king w/ agricultural products

      4. Chancellor- controlled the Eastern Desert & the oases

      5. Governor of Upper Egypt- over all nomarchs 

      6. Governor of Lower Egypt- over all nomarchs

   7. Emergence of Amun-Re as god of Thebes & 1 of the most powerful gods in Egypt

   8. Montuhotep’s reign was celebrated by Egyptians in the New Kingdom

      1. Viewed along w/ Menes & Ahmose as kings who literally & historically united the 2 lands

   9. Trading & raiding into the Levant, Garrison at Elephantine, Campaigning into Lower Nubia,Campaigns in Western Desert & against Asiatics

   10. Lots of Nubians & some Libyans are also trusted people in Egypt fighting in the Egyptian army

   11. Acculturated Nubians appear in high positions- possible the Intefs cultivated these relationships to build their alliances

Mentuhotep II’s mortuary complex at Deir el- Bahri

1. Mortuary complex a thebes

2. Very unique

3. Cliffs are sacred to goddess Hathor

4. Temple emphasizes the connection between king & the divine esp. Hathor

5. Phases 

   1. A& B- yrs 1-14 (Saankhibtawy)

   2. C- yr 14 to unification (Netjeryhet)

   3. D- unification to death (Sematawy)

6. The “Bab el-Hosan” or “Door of the Horse” included statues of Mentuhotep dressed in heb-sed clothing

   1. Structure was related to king’s jubilee of that rejuvenates his kingship

7. Trees of Tamarisk & sycamore lined entry way

   1. Sycamore was sacred to goddess hathor

   2. Gives way to a ramp w/ a 2-tiered structure

8. Set of porticos & platforms

9. Archeology not clear on what central area would have looked like

10. At rear of temple, there is a sloping passage that leads down to the burial chamber of Montuhotep

    1. Burroweed deep into mountain sacred to hathor

11. Of the abt 30 tombs inside temple proper, almost ⅔ were for women

    1. May related to temple’s emphasis on Hathor

    2. Several tombs located in and around temple from an area next to his burial chamber all the way to Asasif

    3. Tomb of warriors dates to last phase of civil war

       1. Tomb discovered in 1920s & contained the linen-wrapped, unmummified bodies of some 60 soldiers who had been killed in battle

       2. All of bodies show evidence of battle

Aha

1. Royal tombs at Umm el Qa’ab, abydos

   1. Tombs were located in desert/Umm el- Qa’ab & funerary enclosure

   2. Supposed to be entrance to underworld

   3. Tomb of Abydos- Aha

      1. Has 3 main chambers surrounded by grave goods w/ necropolis seals.

2. Aha- 1st (likely) king of dynasty 1 & founder of new royal capital at Memphis called “the White Wall”

amenemhet I

1. Amenemhet I & rise of egypts golden age

   1. As Vizier, Amenemhet led an expedition to Wadi Hammamat where a series of miracles took place & were commemorated in rock inscriptions

2. 1st king of dynasty 12- one of the most stable & prosperous periods in Egyptian history

3. Unknown how he came to power

4. Possibly mentioned in The Prophecy of Neferty

5. Changes horus name 3 times- Wehem Mesut- Repeater of Births

6. New era

7. May have been Vizier of Mentuhotep IV- his origins remain obscure

8. Founds new capital called Amenemhet-Itj-Tawy (Amenemhet-Seizer-of-the-two-lands)

9. Also rebuilt & renovated through the country

10. Instructions of amenemhet

    1. Tells son how to be a king

11. Take of Sinuhe

    1. Tells about his assaination 

    2. Had a system where son becomes king when father is still alive

12. Walls of the Ruler

    1. System of fortifications

13. Problems in nubia

    1. Korosko inscription- year 29 Amenemhet 

       1. Burned cities to ground

       2. Settler colonialism

14. Death? Coregency?

    1. May have been an initial attempt on his life

    2. Senwosret I was son who came to power through coregency

       1. Trains younger king & cements dynastic succession

       2. Coregency is a major debate

       3. Evidence

          1. On the stile of nesmontu there is 2 dates with 2 kings (amemenhet & son)

          2. The blocks were made early in the building of the funerary complex building 

    3. Builds himself a funerary complex

       1. Reused blocks from memphis

       2. Finished by son

    4. Evidence in favor of co rule

       1. Stele of Antef, Stele of Nesmontu, Teachings of Amenemhet I, Tale of Sinuhe, relief fragments from funerary complex of Amenemhet I at Lisht, etc.

    5. Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht

    6. Succeeded by Senwosret I

       1. Possible coregency w/ amenemhet I & amenemhet II

Khasekhemwy

1. Starts out w/ name of the powerful one has risen (Khasekhem) then switches to 2 powerful ones rise (Khasekhemwy)

2. Has both Horus & seth name in serekh

3. Successor of Peribsen

4. Seth animal isn’t a real animal (not clear what animals it is comprised of

   1. Unusual cause most gods as comprised of a bunch of different animals

5. Also buried at abydos in Umm el-Gaab

   1. Has a lot of riches relatively 

   2. Still stands today

   3. Has statutes

6. Has several statues of himself wearing a Sed-Festival robe, & etched into bottom are depictions & counts of fallen enemies

7. Marks development of massive monumental stone architecture

8. Built larger desert enclosure at Saqqara

9. All to show he had considerable power and resources

Unas

1. Pyramid of Unas

   1. 1st appearance of written pyramid texts

      1. Restricted to royal king at this time

      2. Counterbalance sun god re who was growing in popularity

      3. Talk about osiris 

      4. Eventually seen in all king pyramids in dynasty 6

??? His tomb & 1000s of stone vessels were usurped & expanded on by Djoser for step pyramid complex 

1. Later king unas (dyn. 5) also built on his tomb 

The Pyramid of Unas lost its smooth outer limestone casing over the centuries to weathering and stone-quarrying, leaving it looking like a weathered mound of rubble today

Unas (Wenis) was the last king of the 5th dynasty of ancient Egypt. He was the first king to inscribe the interior of his pyramid with pyramid texts.

Peribsen

1. Has seth name, not horus name

2. Moves back to Abdyos & abandons Horus falcon name on Serekh for Seth animal name

3. Had double name?

4. 1 theory: he started out w/ horus name & switched to Seth, but there are many more

5. Had a smaller burial

   1. Could have been less powerful

6. Appears to be attested only in southern egypt and depicted as king of upper egypt

7. Khasekhemwy is his successor

Key sources of info for D1

1. Early dynastic period ca. 3000-2686 BCE

   1. Dynasties 1-2 (sometimes 3)

   2. Also called archaic period

   3. Dynamic period during which the fundamental aspects of Egyptian culture develop

   4. Development of state and bureaucratic system

   5. Complex time w/ little surviving evidence for individual reigns

   6. Sources for this period are mostly funerary tombs & reflect ideas related to kingship & religion

2. Evidence related to 1st dynasty

   1. Necropolis seals

      1. Have seals of different kings

      2. Umm el-Qa’ab

         1. In previous ones a queen is included (she doesn’t have the horus falcon)

   2. Administrative seals highlight exponential growth of government

      1. Presence of administrative sealings helped german excavators identify a possible ED palatial complex at site of Buto-maadi, in the delta

         1. Structure is very planned

      2. Seals reveal creation of Nome system

         1. Nomes are provinces 

         2. There are 23

         3. Memphis 

         4. Some nomes have ancient precursors like Abydos

         5. Most nomes are new

         6. Disperses administrative power via nomarks (mayors)

   3. Wood & ivory tags

      1. Writing expands to include label & iconography system used for economic & administrative recording as well as commemoration (ex: sed festivals)

   4. Royal tombs at Umm el Qa’ab, abydos

      1. Tombs were located in desert/Umm el- Qa’ab & funerary enclosure

      2. Supposed to be entrance to underworld

      3. Tomb of Abydos- Aha

         1. Has 3 main chambers surrounded by grave goods w/ necropolis seals.

      4. The majority of tombs are surrounded by subsidiary tombs

         1. These contain human sacrifices 

         2. Practice was eventually stopped

      5. Tombs were severely looted in ancient times

      6. Each tomb marked w/ pair of Tomb Stelae

      7. Serekh: 3D representations appear in architecture, denoting sacred domain of King

   5. Funerary enclosures

      1. Large mud-brick wall with nothing in it

      2. Sometimes have boats buried

      3. Sometimes have subsidiary burials

      4. One for each king buried at Umm el Qa’ab

      5. Only 1 still stands

      6. Unclear what they were used for or how they were used

      7. When a king died or next king came to power the old one is torn down and a new one is built

   6. Tomb of Den

      1. Staircase & floor is made of granite

      2. Made in south

      3. Very difficult to get/ shape → very expensive→ high class

      4. Surrounded by 136 sacrificial burials→ most likely strangled

   7. Tomb of merneith- queen mother & possible ruler

      1. Buried w/ other kings in same manner

      2. Doesn’t have horus name but otherwise appears to be treated the same way as other kings

   8. Tomb Qa’a- last king of dynasty 1

      1. Ruled for 33 years

      2. Large central chamber w/ staircase, 26 subsidiary burials

      3. Seal impression w/ name of Hotepsekhemwy near entrance

      4. After this royal burial site moves

Builder of Giza

1. Khafre

   1. Better known successor of Khufu & builder of the 2nd pyramid at Giza

   2. Built pyramid on hill to appear larger, chambers built into bedrock, so it's easier to build

   3. Built large sphinx

      1. Old kingdom:sphinx is a guardian- “The Living Image”

      2. New Kingdom: Sphinx is a god, Horemakhet

2. Khufu

   1. Built the Great Pyramid of Giza as his royal tomb

3. Hemiunu

   1. Vizer & architect of great pyramid, cousin of Khufu (power in hands of only a few)

   2. Great pyramid

      1. 3 subsidiary queen pyramids

         1. Tomb of queen Hetepheres

            1. No body discovered 

            2. Many grave goods

            3. Wife of snefru & mother of khufu

            4. Shaft tomb w/o superstructure

         2. Boats

            1. Represent Re’s boats in underworld

            2. Was used in real life

4. ???? Djedefre- immediate successor of Khufu, pyramid at Abu Rowash

   1. 1st to use name “son of re”

   2. away from giza

sources of inscriptional data for 2nd dynasty

1. We know less abt this than dynasty 1

2. 7 kings, ca. 200 yrs

3. 1st known statue of private individual that has been preserved

   1. Made of red granite so very powerful 

   2. Has names of 3 Dyn. 2 Kings on his shoulder (Hetepsekhemwy, Ninetjer, Raneb)

   3. May be believed to have worked for all of them

4. Most evidence from tombs

5. Only 5 kings that we have any contemporary evidence of

Huni

1. Sets up a series of estates whose sole function is to fund temples

2. 1st king to put name in a cartouche

3. Reigned for 24 yrs

4. Father of Sneferu, 1st King of D4

5. Built estates w/ a lasting economic impact & a pyramid at Abu Rowash

6. Statues & reliefs become more prevalent

7. also reigns in D3

8. King of Upper & Lower Egypt in D4

   1. Started w/ Huni, Dyn.3

   2. Cartouche supports divinity of king

Itjy- tawy

1. Amemenhet I founds new capital called Amenemhet-Itj-Tawy (Amenemhet-Seizer-of-the-two-lands) in D12 of the Middle Kingdom

2. After middle kingdom fizzles out, Itjy-Tawy is abandoned (2nd intermediate period)

3. A new capital is established in Thebes, after Itj-Tawy was abandoned, but we don’t know exactly what happened (D16)

Lisht

Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht

1. Evidence in favor of co rule

   1. Stele of Antef, Stele of Nesmontu, Teachings of Amenemhet I, Tale of Sinuhe, relief fragments from funerary complex of Amenemhet I at Lisht, etc.

2. Pyramid of senwosret I at lisht

   1. Experimental time and no ones pyramid looks the same anymore

heit el-Gurob

1. Town that supported the building of the pyramids

2. Space for temporary workers, permanent staff, administration, priests, & Workers for food, pottery, weaving etc. 

3. Would only house abt 2000 ppl at one time, a fraction of the complete workforce

Saff Tomb

During Dynasty 11- thebes (house of intef) a new type of royal tomb appears- Saff Tomb

• monumental, rock-cut Egyptian burial structures from the 11th Dynasty (c. 2100–2000 BCE) characterized by a row ("saff" in Arabic) of pillared façades carved into cliffsides

• Each royal tomb is typically surrounded by hundreds of smaller graves belonging to ranked officials and local elites

Amun

1. Wahankh Intef II took title of “King of Upper & Lower Egypt” illustrating his intention to unify the country

   1. Intef II founded Karnak Temple

      1. Local temple dedicated to the Theban god Amun

      2. Amun becomes most powerful temple & deity of all of Egypt

2. Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II

   1. Son of Intef III, reigns 51 yrs

      1. Self-deification legitimizes his reign & acts as propaganda to the people

         1. Uses iconography from gods Amun and Min

3. Donation stela

   1. Establishes positions of God’s Wife of Amun (GWA) for Ahmose-Nefertari

      1. Position is held by most powerful women of this period \

      2. D17 - Ahmose

Khufu

4th Dynasty ruler

• great pyramid of Khufu

1. Hemiunu

   1. Vizer & architect of great pyramid, cousin of Khufu (power in hands of only a few)

      Great pyramid

      1. 3 subsidiary queen pyramids

         1. Tomb of queen Hetepheres

            1. No body discovered 

            2. Many grave goods

            3. Wife of snefru & mother of khufu

            4. Shaft tomb w/o superstructure

      2. Shaft tombs

         1. w/o superstructure like tomb of queen hetepheres

            1. Wife of snefru & mother of Khufu, but is only buried by her son

      3. Khufu’s solar Barque- spending afterlife w/ sun god

2. Starting in D4, elite private tombs are built from stone as well

   1. People start to have functional titles such as overseer of bakery

   2. Have class titles too such as friend of the king

   3. Cemeteries were commissioned by Khufu originally & tombs were “gifted” to people for their work; each new owner could then renovate to their own liking

3. Successor of Khufu

   1. Son Djedefhor

   2. Djedefre- immediate successor of Khufu, pyramid at Abu Rowash

      1. 1st to use name “son of re”

   3. Khafre

      1. Better known successor of Khufu & builder of the 2nd pyramid at Giza

5th Dynasty: Tale of Khufu & magicians; papyrus westcar (foretells birth of 3 solar kings)

1. Magician tells a story of 3 kings birthed by goddess

   1. They are solar kings

   2. Userkaf, Sahure, & Neferirkare

2. On papyrus westcar

papyrus westcar

1. Tale of Khufu & magicians; papyrus westcar (foretells birth of 3 solar kings)

   1. Magician tells a story of 3 kings birthed by goddess

      1. They are solar kings

      2. Userkaf, Sahure, & Neferirkare

   2. On papyrus westcar

Imhotep

1. Imhotep

   1. Builder, sculptor, & high priest of Re

   2. Designed Djoser complex & implemented its construction

2. The famine stela

   1. Reign of Ptolemy V (c. 200 BCE) from Sehel

   2. Talks about 7 years of famine that djoser had to content with

   3. With help of Imhotep, they saved egypt

pyramid texts

1. Pyramid of Unas

   1. 1st appearance of written pyramid texts

      1. Restricted to royal king at this time

      2. Counterbalance sun god re who was growing in popularity

      3. Talk about osiris 

      4. Eventually seen in all king pyramids in dynasty 6

Hemiunu

1. Vizer & architect of great pyramid, cousin of Khufu (power in hands of only a few)

2. Great pyramid

   1. 3 subsidiary queen pyramids

      1. Tomb of queen Hetepheres

         1. No body discovered 

         2. Many grave goods

         3. Wife of snefru & mother of khufu

         4. Shaft tomb w/o superstructure

      2. Boats

         1. Represent Re’s boats in underworld

         2. Was used in real life

3. Shaft tombs

   1. w/o superstructure like tomb of queen hetepheres

      1. Wife of snefru & mother of Khufu, but is only buried by her son

nomarch & evolving position form Old Kingdom to Middle Kingdom

4th Dynasty

1. Centralized gov, micromanaged country

   1. Divided into nomes led by nomarchs

   2. Many key positions in administration are given to family members of royal family

   3. Divided into nomes (cities) of administration lead by a nomarch (governer)

      1. Nomarks are appointed by King

      2. Moved every couple of years in order to keep them from garnering too much power & rising up

      3. Many high officials are literate & educated

   4. Administrators in gov are given land as payment

      1. When administrators die the estate goes back to king to dole out to the next administrator

         1. This breaks down as relatives of administrators want their inheritance

11th Dynasty

1. reorganized gov.

   1. Governor of Upper Egypt- over all nomarchs 

   2. Governor of Lower Egypt- over all nomarchs

2. Nomarchs & kings hire their own full-time private militias

   1. Previously kings only summoned military occasionally (never full time job for people)

   2. Made up of Egyptians and foreigners

      1. Foreigners acculturate to egyptian ways

middle kingdom

1. Administration

   1. Important changes in bureaucracy

   2. During FIP, nomarchs took over everything 

      1. Montuhoteo II reorganized high level positions to take power away from nomarchs

   3. Sometimes officials are appointed by king either permanently or rotated through positions- other times officials seem hereditary

   4. Growth in # of titles & refinement of the titles 

   5. Mayors become more powerful and popular

      1. Placed more power in hands of mayors of towns which takes power away from nomarchs 

   6. Originally appointed by king amemenhet, but by the time of senwosret I it becomes hereditary

   7. Mayors get more power and senwosret sees this an appoints friends as nomarchs to control common people power

1. Nomarchs of early middle kingdom are powerful

   1. In addition to being nomarchs, they took high titles like treasurer or chancellor or mayor & worked throughout country

   2. During reign of senwosret II , sons of nomarchs were educated at the capital 

   3. Some nomarch have really big tombs like size of pharaoh

   4. Tomb of Djuthotep, Bersha D12 shows colossal statue of a private individual

      1. Some nomarchs created these centers of their own cults & local populace worshipped them

2. Senwosret III & Amenemhet III overhaul gov.

   1. Government recentralizes at a few key centers

   2. Creates new administrative district: the north, the south & the head of the south

   3. Title of nomarch had been on a decline & remained only at Bersha & Elephantine

      1. Title disappears in reign of Senwosret III (giant tombs disappear too

   4. At this time, other titles disappear too & lots of new titles are invented 

Meidum

1. Snefru- built 3 pyramids, 1 at meidum & 2 at Dahshur

   1. Tries to figure out how to build pyramid w/ smooth sides

   2. Meidum collapses & it was abandoned 

      1. Very important burial ground there for elite 

      2. Mastaba 16 is one of largest of period

         1. For son of king

      3. Unique style of decoration

         1. Reliefs inlaid w/ colored pastes

         2. King came up with this design because it wouldn’t be erased

         3. Very fine painting of geese

         4. Detailed sculptures 

early dynastic funerary enclosures

D1

1. large mud-brick wall with nothing in it

2. Sometimes have boats buried

3. Sometimes have subsidiary burials

4. One for each king buried at Umm el Qa’ab

5. Only 1 still stands

6. Unclear what they were used for or how they were used

7. When a king died or next king came to power the old one is torn down and a new one is built

1. Royal tombs at Umm el Qa’ab, abydos

   1. Tombs were located in desert/Umm el- Qa’ab & funerary enclosure

   2. Supposed to be entrance to underworld

   3. Tomb of Abydos- Aha

      1. Has 3 main chambers surrounded by grave goods w/ necropolis seals.

   4. The majority of tombs are surrounded by subsidiary tombs

      1. These contain human sacrifices 

      2. Practice was eventually stopped

   5. Tombs were severely looted in ancient times

   6. Each tomb marked w/ pair of Tomb Stelae

   7. Serekh: 3D representations appear in architecture, denoting sacred domain of King

collapse of old kingdom

1. Power of provincial governors increased

2. Officials paid in land, passing salary onto their heirs instead of returning it to the gov when they died

3. Land endowments & tax exemptions impoverished the gov.

4. Pepi 2= ineffective king for at least 50 yrs

   1. Outlives most of children which makes succession difficult

   2. Heir was in question after death

5. Social changes transferred privileges from kings to nobles

6. Decrease in international trade, expeditions, & raiding

7. Series of low nile floods which leads to famine and unrest

   1. Possible large scale environmental shift

8. Centralized gov. fizzles & provincial leaders picked up slack

9. government incapable of managing irrigation needs

Abydos

D1- old kingdom

1. Some nomes have ancient precursors like Abydos

2. Royal tombs at Umm el Qa’ab, abydos

   1. Tombs were located in desert/Umm el- Qa’ab & funerary enclosure

   2. Supposed to be entrance to underworld

   3. Tomb of Abydos- Aha

      1. Has 3 main chambers surrounded by grave goods w/ necropolis seals

D2 old kingdom

1. Hetepsekhemwy

   1. Finished burial of father Qa’a at Abydos & built his tomb at Saqqara & therefore transfers the royal cemetery to Memphis/Saqqara

2. Khasekhemwy

   1. Also buried at abydos in Umm el-Gaab

      1. Has a lot of riches relatively 

      2. Still stands today

      3. Has statutes

FIP D11- thebes house of intef

1.  Intef II controlled land from Elephantine to Abydos

D12 middle kingdom

1. Democratization of the afterlife

   1. PT appear in private tombs & turn into the CT

   2. Reflection of a more level society

      1. Appearance of a middle class

      2. Typified by a number to MC cemeteries, particularly the MK cemeteries at abydos

2. Senwosret III

   1. Had 2 funerary complexes

      1. A pyramid at Dahshur

      2. A tomb at abydos in town of wahsut

         1. New style of tomb

         2. Rock cut tomb; inspires dynasty 18 tombs

   2. Funerary changes

      1. A number of funerary changes take place for private individuals

         1. Models disappear, coffins change, deceased identify w/ osiris, & a number of new funerary objects appear

      2. osiris/abydos = key during Middle Kingdom

13th Dynasty Middle kingdom

1. Neferhotep & Sobekhotep IV were buried next to Senwosret III tomb at abydos in small chambers that may have once had a pyramid on top

SIP- D16

1. A scholar that studies SIP suggests that there is another city a abydos but seemed far fetched

   1. Tombs of 2nd intermediate kings at senwosret III’s tomb

SIP D17

1. Ahmose & army march back to Avaris, which he later commemorates on his mortuary temple at abydos

2. Ahmose mortuary temple at abydos

   1. Unclear whether he was buried there or in thebes at Dra Abu el-Naga near the D17 kings bc his mummy was found in the royal cache

key dynasties of FIP

1. People that use the royal title “King” regardless of how powerful they are, ruled in Memphis, Herakleopolis, & Thebes (dynasties 7-11)

2. Dynasty 7 & 8

   1. No contemporary evidence of kings during dynasty 7 (70 kings in 70 days)

   2. memphis= really weak

   3. Possible contemporary w/ D9?, but could have taken kingship from memphite area

3. Dynasty 9 & 10

   1. No evidence for separation

   2. Herkleopolis (house of Kheti)

      1. Many rulers named Kheti

4. Dynasty 11- thebes (house of intef)

   1. 1st half of dynasty is FIP, Mentuhotep II brings Middle Kingdom

   2. Contemporary w/ D10 in north

Read over notes

memphis

1. seals found from D1 that reveal creation of Nome system found in memphis

2. Early dynastic developments at memphis & saqqara

   1. Memphis is largely unknown

   2. We only know anything from the very large burial sites around it

   3. Located in modern Cairo

   4. Aha- 1st (likely) king of dynasty 1 & founder of new royal capital at Memphis called “the White Wall”

   5. Mastaba S3504 is painted white for white wall of memphis

3. Hetepsekhemwy D2

   1. Finished burial of father Qa’a at Abydos & built his tomb at Saqqara & therefore transfers the royal cemetery to Memphis/Saqqara

4. 1st intermediate period

   1. People that use the royal title “King” regardless of how powerful they are, ruled in Memphis, Herakleopolis, & Thebes (dynasties 7-11)

   2. Dynasty 7 & 8

      1. memphis= really weak

5. D15 SIP

   1. Apophis/Apepi

   2. Memphis was under Hyksos control, & hyksos clearly had access to its records

      1. Remained a strong political & religious center

   3. However, archaeology shows a purely Egyptian cultural tradition

   4. Only 2% of pottery at memphis is levantine

6. D17 Ahmose SIP

   1. During Ahmose's reign the political capital of Memphis is revived after a hiatus & expands

Thebes

1st intermediate period

1. People that use the royal title “King” regardless of how powerful they are, ruled in Memphis, Herakleopolis, & Thebes (dynasties 7-11)

2. D11- thebes (house of intef)

   1. Unimportant small town in FIP, until Intef I, an “Overseer of Priests” had a vision of unification

   2. They 2st unified the east & west bank cities of Thebes

   3. Full unification process took 70 years

   4. Civil war begins between after many of the nomes were amalgamated

      1. D10 at Herakleopolis & D11 at Thebes

      2. instruction of King Kheti of Herakleopolis to his son Merikare

         1. We don’t have many details of the actual war; thebes wins 

   5. Mentuhotep II

      1. Emergence of Amun-Re as god of Thebes & 1 of the most powerful gods in Egypt

   6. Mentuhotep III

      1. Has small, weird tomb at Thoth Hill in Thebes

   7. (in future it will become the largest religious center)

3. Dynasty 13th starts to shrink, creating power vacuums in delta & lower Nubia

   1. Capital is moved back to thebes

SIP

1. Period is divided into # of dynasties- the strongest of which were 15th Dynasty (avaris) & 17th Dynasty (thebes)

2. D16

   1. A new capital is established in Thebes, after Itj-Tawy was abandoned, but we don’t know exactly what happened

   2. Possibly a real dynasty that was centered at Thebes- but others have suggested it was fictitious 

3. D17

   1. ahmose could have been buried in thebes at Dra Abu el-Naga near the D17 kings bc his mummy was found in the royal cache

   2. Ahmose (like every good king of the New Kingdom) built at Karnak Temple in Thebes

Re

1. Raneb (successor of Hetepsekhemwy) D2

   1. Begins increased solar focus

   2. 1st to incorporate Sun god Re’s name in his royal name

2. Increase in worship of re at heliopolis

   1. Sun god re becomes increasingly powerful in old kingdom

3. pyramid texts counterbalance Re who was growing in popularity