139 H Midterm Study Guide

What are two primary situational considerations in need achievement theory?

Probability of success

Incentive of success

Probability of Success

(how likely you are to succeed) depends on whom you compete against + difficulty of the task

Incentive of Success

Value/satisfaction placed on succeeding; ex: beating someone who is more skilled is more satisfying then beating a beginner

(T/F) Attributing performance to internal, controllable factors does NOT often result in emotional reactions such as pride and shame

False

(T/F)When defining motivation, the direction of effort refers to whether an individual DOES NOT seek out, DOES NOT approach, or is NOT attracted to certain situations.

False

Direction

whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations

(T/F) When defining motivation, the intensity of effort refers to how much effort a effort a person puts forth in a particular situation

True

Intensity

How hard a person is willing to work to achieve their goals

(T/F) To enhance motivation, you must analyze and respond not only to a player's personality but also the interaction of personal and situational characteristics

True

Interactional View (participant by situation view)

suggests that an athletes level of motivation is determined based on the interaction between the athlete's personality and the particular situation the athlete must confront

What view of motivation is most widely favored by sports psychologists?

Interactional View

(T/F) A task orientation focused on comparing performance with personal standards and personal improvement is a task goal orientation

True

Task Goal Orientation

Also called mastery; does NOT compare themselves to other athletes, focuses on improving competitive performance based on their own past performance

Interactional view of motivation claims that motivation is an interaction of which two factors?

Personal factors -> personality factors

Situational factors -> particular situation

Attribution theory

focuses on how athletes explain their success and failure

Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics. Which view of motivation is that statement consistent with?

Trait-Centered View

Trait-Centered View

Suggests that personality, needs, interest, and the goals of the athlete are the most important determinants of motivated behavior; motivated behavior mainly a function of individual characteristics

What are three factors in achievement goal theory?

Achievement goal

Perceived ability

Achievement behavior

Which theory influences feelings of self-esteem, competence, and control?

competence motivation theory

Competence motivation theory

athlete's feelings of personal competence + self worth + control

The bodybuilder focuses on comparing themselves with others and defeating others. Which type of orientation is the bodybuilder showing?

Ego-Oriented Athlete

Ego-Oriented Athlete

a. Focuses on external criteria for determining success

b. Success measured in relation to how others perform

c. Faced with difficulty -> more likely to display undesirable behavior

d. ex: using unfair advantages to achieve success

What does the concept of achievement motivation include?

Behavior is influenced by balance of:

a. Striving for success

B. persisting through failure

c. experience pride in accomplishments

What in addition to state anxiety, narrows a person's attentional field, decreases environmental scanning, and shifts attention toward dominant attentional styles and inappropriate cues?

Arousal

Arousal and state anxiety

- narrow the attentional field

- decrease environmental scanning

- shift attention toward the dominant attentional style and inappropriate cues

What is the correct order of the four interrelated stages of stress, beginning with stage 1 and ending with stage 4?

1. Environmental Demand

2. Perception of Demand

3. Stress Response

4. Behavioral Consequences

Somatic State Anxiety

moment-to-moment changes in the athlete's perceived physiological arousal such as increased respiration, heart rate, muscular tension

What describes an athlete's general level of anxiety that remains relatively stable over time?

trait anxiety

trait anxiety

an acquired behavioral tendency or disposition that predisposes a person to perceive as threatening circumstances that are objectively NOT dangerous and to respond with disproportionate levels of state anxiety

According to the inverted-U hypohesis how does performance change as arousal increases from low levels to an optimal point?

as arousal increases -> performance increases up to an optimal point (beyond this further increase in arousal decreases performance)

(T/F) Increased arousal and state anxiety cause increased muscle tension and fatigue and can interfere with coordination

True

Arousal

blend of physiological and psychological activity and refers to intensity dimension of motivation at any given moment

Stress

describes a substantial imbalance between demand and response capability when failing to meet the demand has important consequences

What explains how increased arousal influences athletic performance?

1. Increased muscle tension, fatigue, coordination difficulties

2. Changes in attention, concentration, visual search patterns

What does a context-related source of stress include?

Importance of competitive event

Uncertainty of outcome

Increased arousal and state anxiety also influence athletic performance through changes in what?

1. Attention

2. Concentration

3. Visual search pattern

High trait anxiety and ______ are related to heightened state anxiety reactions in athletes.

low self-esteem

low self-esteem

less confidence, greater state anxiety

When an athlete looks forward to competition while another athlete dreads the upcoming competitive event, this is an example of?

subjective competitive situation

Decrease intrinsic motivation

Rewards that people perceive as controlling their behavior or as suggesting they are incompetent

motivational feedback facilitates performance by

a. enhancing confidence

b. inspiring greater effort and energy expenditure

c. creating a positive mood

A factor that might disrupt the occurence of flow is?

Loss of concentration

Preventative factors that might prevent the occurence of flow are?

Lack of confidence, negative mental state

What factors can prevent and disrupt flow?

1. self doubt

2. loss of concentration

3. poor technique

4. injury

Harmonious passion

strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one's identity

What is the term used to describe a fully controllable desire to participate in an activity that becomes part of one's identityy?

harmonious passion

What is the term used to define the balance between perceived skill and challenge?

flow

What is a key feature in the multimodal anxiety reduction program that they help participants develop a number of?

coping skills

What technique involves tensing and relaxing specific muscles from one major muscle group to the next until all muscle groups are completely relaxed?

progressive relaxation technique

What is the name of the response that teaches you to quiet the mind, concentrate and reduce muscle tension?

relaxation response

Problem focused coping skills

cognitive behavioral efforts to change for the better the problem causing the athlete to experience distress

emotion focused skills

seek to regulate distressing emotions through the use of certain arousal and control techniques

problem focused coping skills

1. setting short/long term goals

2. using good time management

3. gathering info and implementing problem solving behavior ->> steps forward to fixing it

emotion focused skills

1. relaxation techniques

2. meditation

3. other cognitive efforts to change the meaning of the situation

What does cognitive restructuring attempt to do?

identify irrational/stress-inducing self statements and change them into more positive thoughts

What is a cognitive affective stress management training program?

skills program teaching athletes an integrated coping response, combining relaxation and cognitive techniques to control emotional arousal

Psychoneuromuscular theory

vividly imagined events that produce innervation in muscles is similar to innervation produced by physically practicing a specific athlete movement.

Symbolic learning theory of imagery

athletic movements are encoded in the central nervous system, creating a mental blueprint for performing the skill

(T/F) When using imagery, two keys to good images are vividness and controllability

True

When an athlete imagines themselves in a specific setting that is highly motivating to the athlete, such as receiving a championship medal, what type of imagery is that?

Motivational specific imagery

Bioinformational Theory of Imagery

An image is s functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain

Three types of bioinformational theory

Stimulus propositions

Response propositions

Meaning propositions

stimulus proposition

describe the context or characteristics of the imagined situation

response propositions

describe an athlete's response to imagined stimuli

meaning proposition

describe personal meaning/significant of imagined situation

Kinesthetic sense

Internal imagery makes it easier for an athlete to experience a particular sense

What is controllability in imagery?

Ability to manipulate mental images so they show what the athlete wants to accomplish rather than mistakes

What is an example of how an athlete can use controllability of imagery to improve performance under pressure?

Athlete mentally rehearse successfully performing a difficuly skill while remaining calm and in control under pressure

Trait Anxiety

general tendency to interpret competitive situations as threatening and respond w more state anxiety

Cognitive state anxiety

moment-to-moment worry, fear, or negative thoughts about performance (ex: thinking abt striking out)

Stress response

physical and psychological reactions when the athlete perceives the demands of competition as difficult or threatening

Excessive arousal

being too energized or tense for optimal performance

Dysfunctional perfectionism

unrealistically high standards plus concern about mistakes or others' evaluations; may lead to overthinking, fear of failure, and anxiety

Disrupted flow

loss of concentration, lack of confidence, or a mismatch between perceived skill and challenge may interfere with feeling fully absorbed in the performance

Internal attentional focus

attention directed inward to thoughts and feelings; may be unhelpful if athlete is preoccupied w worry instead of relevant cues

Psychological strategies

Breath control

relaxation response

cognitive restructuring

problem/emotion focused coping

motivational/cognitive imagery