AP World: Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

What areas were linked by the Silk Road?

Asia, Europe, Africa

What types of goods were most commonly traded along the Silk Road?

luxury goods

• example: silk

What empire helped the Silk Road flourish?

Mongols

Goods bought on the Silk Road

• South Asia: cotton, textiles

• Central Asia: fruit, glass, grape, wine

• East Asia: silk, gunpowder, porcelain, iron, magnetic compass

What religions spread along the Silk Road?

• Buddhism (most important)

• Islam

• Hinduism

• Christianity

Diseases spread along the Silk Road:

Black death

Cities that developed along the Silk Road:

• Kashgar (travelers stopped for food)

• Samarkand (center of trading goods ; key road of travel)

Caravanserai (silk road)

inns 100 miles apart where travelers stopped to rest

changes in banking that developed due to the Silk Road

• paper money under Song

• banking houses

• bills of exchange

As demand for goods increased…

production of goods expanded

Arab/Indian ship used in Indian Ocean Trade network

Arab/Indian Dhow - carries heavy weight

Chinese ship used in Indian Ocean Trade network

Chinese Junk

sailing techniques that helped IOT network

• sternpost rudder

• lateen sail - allowed ship to sail in any direction

• astrolabe - navigation ; determined distance from equator

• magnetic compass

types of goods traded along IOT network

• luxury goods

• bulk goods

India trade - IOT network

cotton

Southeast Asia trade - IOT network

spiced (helped preserve food + flavor)

East Africa trade - IOT network

• enslaved people

• ivory

• gold

china trade - IOT network

• silk

• porcelain

middle east trade - IOT network

• horses

• figs

• dates

center of trade for IOT network in Africa

• east African (Swahili) coast

center of trade for IOT network in Southeast Asia

• srivijaya then melaka (same area)

environmental consequence of trade between southeast Asia and africa

banana production

how did production affect africa

led to population growth in africa

diasporic communities in IOT network

• travelers had to stay in foreign lands (had to wait for favorable winds)

• Islam spread due to these establishment

examples of diasporic communities

• east Africa - Arabs and Persians settled

• melaka - Chinese merchants settled

religions spread in Indian Ocean due to trade

• Islam (most important)

• Hinduism

• Buddhism

technology that traveled due to Silk Road

• yokes

• saddles

• stirrups

• paper money

What religion changed during the Silk Road

Buddhism

• original traditions shunned material world while the changed suggested wealthier and worldly style of living

• people liked more of a Mahayana form

pure land buddhism

• faithfully repeating name of earlier Buddha (Amitabh) - ensured rebirth in heavenly land (Pure Land)

• emphasized on salvation by faith

persecution

• monasteries, temples, and shrines turned to public use or destroyed

• buddhists are not able to build image using gold, silver, copper, iron, or gems

• creativity diminished

• institutions under state control

ways Buddhism spread

• tribute missions

• buddhist monks visiting centers or learning and pilgrimage in Chine

• Chinese buddhism schools in japan

great Zimbabwe facilitating change in IOT network

• growing trade in gold to the coast

• growing wealth from large herds of cattle

• had a lot of resources and labor power

cultural changes of IOT network

• vietname influenced by Chinese cultural traditions

• Indian traditions affected areas

Indianization in IOT network

• Southeast Asian languages influenced by Sanskrit and Pallava

• India’s artistic forms became widespread and influenced Southeast Asian architecture

• Hinduism and Buddhism became more prominent in Southeast Asia

growth of Islam in IOT network

• by embracing, Southeast Asia hoped to attract Muslim traders to Persia, Arab, India

• blended with Hindu, Buddhist, and traditional shamanistic practices

Melaka

• one of the first globalized cities

• gold was so readily available

• shops sold international items

melaka and China relationship

• melaka sent tribute missions to China

• melaka served as base for China’s naval expeditions

Chinese maritime voyages

• wanted to enroll states in China’s tributary system such as Indonesia, India, Arab, and East Africa

• established power and prestige in Indian ocean

• exerted Chinese control over foreign trade

State building in mongol empire

• military campaigns

• Massive killings

• Flow of wealth from conquered civilizations provided resources

• Discipline and loyalty to leaders made possible battle strategies

• Relay stations helped with rapid communication and fostered trade

• Promoted people based on merit rather than status

• Incorporated conquered people into military forces

Russia affected by mongols

• Moscow benefited - primary collector of tribute

• Required tribute payments, heavy taxes and enslavement especially on Russian peasants

• Princes of Moscow used mongol resources to become leader of Russian state

Mongols changed by china

• turned into a Chinese inspired society

• Kubhlai khan - Confucian-inspired Chinese emperor

China changed because of mongols

• discrimination against the Chinese

• Treated as slaves, not allowed to learn mongol script, no intermarriage

Mongols changed because of Persia

• Mongols became Muslim and elites learnt Persian

• Some mongols turned to farming and married local people

Persia changed because of Mongols

• resisted cultural influence of mongols

• Agricultural land was neglected so it was reduced to waste

How did mongols facilitate cultural interactions:

• international commerce - taxed wealth from civilizations

• Secure environment for merchants - willing to travel across Central Asia to Europe

• Diplomatic relations from one end of Eurasia to another - Europeans dispatched delegations to mongol capital

• Exchanged ambassadors, intelligence, information, and skilled workers - authorities engaged in diplomatic relations with each other

What is Black Death

• 50 to 90% were affected and died

• Spread across trade routes of mongol empire

• Spread through rodents, fleas, and humans

Impacts of Black Death

• population contracted

• Cities declined

• Trade diminished across mongol world

• Central Asian trade route close down - was critical to Afro-Eurasian trade routes

• Europeans penetrated Asia and brought culture, Christianity, technology, and languages

Crusades from Christian perspective

• defensive response to early Muslim invasions

• Authorized by pope and done by god’s commands

Crusades from Muslim perspective

• Europeans are uncivilized barbarians

• Threat to safety of Muslim women

• Cruel and brutal aggression

Outcomes of crusades

• European groups showed great ability to take over without a central leader.

• Greatened Muslim’s negative perspective of Christianity/europeans

• Muslim and Christianity trade still happened

• Reconquista - expanding Christian kingdoms

In Islamic empire, for acrid climates:

Persian reservoir and water-management practices were used

Islamic green revolution in Islamic empire led to

Food crops, such as lemons, sugarcanes, and rice

In Islamic empire, china rockets improved

To carry warheads or attack ships

Paper making techniques in Islamic empire led to

• Paper mills in Persia, India, and Egypt.

• Led to strengthened government, emergence of books, circulation of ideas

Relationship between Islam and long distance trade:

• Arabs and Persian merchants established commerce colony in Cariton, China

• Urbanization and pilgrimage fostered trade as a demand for luxury goods increased

• Banking partnerships, business contracts, instrumental relationships with each other

Trade along the Americas were less woven than the Afro-Eurasia region

• Andes Llamat potato never reached mesoamerica

• Aztec and Inca had little direct contact

• No long distance transportation methods

• Geographical obstacles: north and south americas crop grew in specific regions which caused slow spread

Loose interactive web from North American Great Lakes and upper Mississippi south to the Andes

• four nodes of commerce from 1000 to 1500

• Carribean, Mexico, American ball game

• Spread of pottery and architectural styles

• Slow spread of crops - matee from mesoamerica to South America

Cahokia (North America) - Four nodes of commerce

• Key Feature: Famous for its huge terraced pyramid.

• Trade Items: Traded items like shells (Cahokia shells), copper, obsidian, and materials from the Rocky Mountains.

1. Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) - four nodes of commerce

• Key Feature: Known for large pueblo settlements (the "Chaco Phenomenon").

• Trade Items: A major center for making and trading turquoise ornaments, which became a huge regional trade item with Mesoamerica.

• Note: A severe drought eventually ended this culture.

Pax Mongolia

• period of peace and stability across mongol empire

• Unified era of mongol empire

Impact of pax Mongolia

• allowed Silk Road to flourish

• Many ideas and inventions spread across the empire: gunpowder, paper, compass

Golden Horde (Russia)

• organized into city states due to the trade along rivers

• Kiev: city state at center of trade

• Adopter orthodox Christianity

• princes forced to collect tribute on behalf of Mongols - collected extra tribute to form alliances of cities to defeat mongols

Il khanate (Persia)

• sacked Baghdad in 1258

• Destroyed house of wisdom

• Killed caliph and 200000 residents

• Advance into Egypt but stopped by mamluks

• Mongols absorbed into society

• Known for advances in science and culture

Jagadi khanate (Central Asia)

• made samarkand the capital

• Patronized Islamic scholars, painters, and historians

• Controlled Middle East

• Known for advances in science and culture

• Descendants formed Mughals in india

Yuan dynasty (china)

• leader was kubhlai khan

• Took longer to establish since china was a strong opponent

• Adhered to Chinese traditions but changed the civil service exams, so Buddhists, daoists, and foreigners could take it

• Grand canal expanded

• Cultural exchanges

Negative action of mongols

• a lot of brutality and death

• Spread disease

• 30-40 million people killed (10% of the world)

• Civilizations who resisted were killed or enslaved

Positive actions of the Mongols

• religious tolerance and women’s rights

• Trade along the Silk Road flourished

• Fostered connection between the east and the west

• Promoted people by merit

• Employed talented people for skilled labor

Women’s rights in mongol empire

• able to wear pants and ride horses

• Could initiate divorce

• Could act as advisors

• Able to remarry

mesoamerica (Mayans & Aztecs / Pochteca) - four nodes of commerce

• Key Feature: Conducted trade across both land and sea.

• Trade Items: Professional long-distance merchants called Pochteca ran active marketplaces with a wide variety of diverse products.

Incan Empire (Andes) - four nodes of commerce

• Key Feature: Managed state-run trade network.

• Trade Items: Goods were distributed and recorded using quipus (knotted strings), along with extensive road networks and stone storehouses.

Marco Polo

• traveler who traveled the Silk Road

• Made stronger awareness of knowledge to Europe

Ibn battuta

• traveler who traveled across Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade network, and Trans-Saharan trade network

Two famous goods traded along TST

• Gold

• Salt

Animal transportation along Sahara

Camels

Religion that spread through Sahara trade

Islam

City in west Africa that became a center for Islamic learning due to trade along the Sahara

Timbuktu

Empires in west Africa that flourished due to gold/salt trade along Sahara

• Mali

• Songhai

Empire in west Africa that helped trade along the Sahara

Mali

Goods traded along Sahara

• cloth

• Glassware

• Weapons

• Books

• Gold

• Copper

• Salt

Ideas that spread along trade in Sahara

• Islam

• Slaves from west Africa who worked in desert and Mediterranean basin

Technology that facilitated trade along Sahara

• camels

• Somali saddle

• Caravans - made traveling safer

Spread of Islam in west Africa

• gradual acceptance - peaceful and voluntary

• Important link to Muslim trading partners

• WA cities became major centers of Islamic religion and intellectual life

• Timbuktu - center of learning ; Quranic schools

• Islam became Africanized and WA became islamized

• Monarchs helped construction of mosques