Topic 8 - Malaria and Yellow fever

Malaria: impacts

300-500 million cases per year

mortality: 1+ million per year

difficulty to pinpoint morbidity and mortality

countries lose 1% of GDP growth per yeat

most deaths in pregnant mothers and children under 5

90% of cases are in sub-Saharan Africa

41% of the world live in areas where Malaria is transmitted (tropical)

Malaria: Vector

Mosquito → female Anopheles mosquito

10 day fertilization and growth

Malaria: Symptoms

fever

anemia

swollen spleen and damage

liver

death

Malaria: Infectious agent

Protozoan

170 kinds of malaria causing protozoans → only 4 affect humans

Plasmodium falciparum, viva, ovale, malarie

Falciparum: highest mortality rate

Red blood cells

parasite binds, reorients until

Traditional medications

quinine-based

Treatment

morphs 3 different times inside the body

combination of drugs that target the 3 stages

plasmodium has develop resistance

artemisinin-based combination therapies

Protozoans

too big → phagocytes cannot eat them

need a lot of white cells to fight

Vaccination - challenges

multiple strains

we don’t develop full immunity, people can get reinfected!!!

different stages in the body

current vaccines make the cases less severe

Lab Trials

1. Lab test

2. Animal test

3. Phase 1 Clinical trail

4. Phase 2 Clinical trail

5. Phase 3 Clinical Trial

6. FDA Approval

7. Mass marketing and distribution

Lab test

In vitro

Animal test

In vivo

Phase 1 Clinical trial

test on small group of healthy people

Phase 2 Clinical trial

test on small group of affected or at risk individuals

Phase 3 Clinical trial

testing on very large group of either affected or random individuals depending on what is tested

FDA approval

can take years or get emergency authorization

Bed netting initiatives

malaria mosquitos attack during the night

push for nets, with or without insecticides

practical solution

Sickle cell disease

Red blood cells → transport oxygen

mutation causes an amino acid to be changed in b-globin

passed down genetically

make people more resistant to malaria

Yellow fever: Causative agent

virus

infects macrophages

Yellow fever: vector

female Aedes mosquitoes