Kin 216 Exam 2

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Skull, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage

What makes up the appendicular?

shoulder bones, hip bones, upper and lower extemities

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80 bones

What is the skull?

complex bony structure made up of cranial and facial bones

what are the cranial bones?

eight bones that surround/ecnlose the brain

what are the facial bones?

fourteen bones that form the face (no direct contact with the brain)

what are the paired cranial bones?

parietal and temporal

what are the unpaired cranial bones?

frontal, ehtmoid, sphenoid, occipital

What are the frontal bones?

form superior and anterior portion of the skull and part of the orbit

What are the parietal bones?

bone forms most lateral and superior walls of the skull, meet with other bones and create 4 sutures

what are sutures?

creates boundaries between cranial bones

what is the coronal suture?

parietal meets frontal

what is the squamous suture?

parietal meets temporal

what is the sagittal suture?

parietal meets parietal superiorly

what is the lambdoid suture?

parietal meets occipital

What does the temporal bone form?

forms the inferolateral walls of the skull, inferior to the parietal bones

what are the major regions of the temporal bones?

squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous

what is the squamous region?

zygmoatic process( articulates with the zygomatic bone)what is the tymp

what is the tympanic region?

Surrounds external acoustic meatus, styloid process(attachment site for hyoid)

What is the mastoid region?

Mastoid process(attachment site for neck muscles)

What is the petrous region?

portion of bone that protects sensoary structures in the inner ear

What does the occipital bone form?

forms Posteroinferior part of the skull, some portions of the skulls base(has foramen magnun)

What does the occipital bone feature?

features superior and inferuir nuchal lines, occipital condyles(base of skull)

What does the sphenoid form?

forms part of the skull’s base and posterior part of orbital complex, unites cranial and facial bones

What does the ethmoid bone form?

forms cribiform plates(roof of nasal cavity), perpendicular plate(superior part of nasal septum)

What are the paired facial bones?

Maxillae, Nasal, Lacrimal, Zygomatic, Palatine, Inferior nasal conchae

What are the unpaired facial bones?

mandible, vomer

What does the mandible form?

forms lower jawbone(body,rami,chin)

what do the maxillary bones form?

fused together, upper jaw, portions of the hard palate via palatine processes, inferior portions of orbits

what does the nasal bone form?

forms anterosuperior bridge of the nose

what does the lacrimal bone form?

forms medial portions of the orbit

what does the zygomatic bone form?

forms the cheek region and lateral portion of the orbit

what does the Palatine bone form?

forms posteriror portion of hard plate(horizontal plate) and small part of nasal cavity and orbit (perpendicular plate)

what does the inferior nasal conchae form?

forms curved bones that porject from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

what does the vomer form?

forms inferior and posterior parts of nasal septum, articulates with perpendicular plate(ethmoid bone)

What is the nasal cavity composed of?

composed of bone and cartilage

How is the nasal cavity formed?

ethmoid,frontal, and sphenoid- roof

palatine process of maxillae and horizonal plates of palatine bones- floor

nasal bones, infeiror nasal conchae, maxillae, perpendicular plates of palatine bones- lateral walls

What is the hyoid bone?

bone that lies infeior to the mandible and acts as an attachment site for the tongue

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

protection of spinal cord

provide passageway for spinal nerves

provides vertical support

provides attachments for muscles(neck/back)

vertebrae are separated by invertebral disc

What are invertebral disc?

pads of fibrocartilage between vertebrae

What are the regions of the intervertebral discs?

anulus fibrosus-outer ring of fibrocartilage

nucleus pulposus- inner circular region (“gelatinous” consistency; due to water")

What is the function of the intervertebral discs?

act sa shock absorber

allow vertebral column to bend

vertebral column compresses during the day, springs back during sleep

what is a herniated discs?

nucleus pulposus protudes into or through anulus fibrosus, compression of spinal cord, nerve root

What are the regions of ths spine?

Cervical(concave) c1-c7

thoracic(convex) t1-t12

lumbar(concave) L1-L5

sacral(convex) s1-s5

coccyx

what are some features of vertebrae?

body-weight bearing region

verterbal arch- attaches body to form vertebral foramen

pedicle- based of vertebral arch

lamina- posterior extensions of the arch

what is the veterbral canal?

results from stacked vertebral foramina(contains spinal cord)

What is the intervertebral foramina?

lateral opening between vertebrae: passageway for spinal nerves

What is the spinous processes?

projection poestiorly

What is a process?

any marked bony prominence(physical projection)

What is the tranverse processes?

Projection laterally

What are the inferior and superior articular processes?

inferior articular processes are found on each vertebra which attach to articular process of the superior articular vertebra immediately inferior to it

What are the smallest and lightest vertebrae?

C1- Atlas, C2-Axis

What is important about the thoracic vertebrae?

articulate with ribs

What are the disguishing characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

Long spinous process

transverse costal facets

What defines the lumbar vertebrae?

it is the vertebrae that recieves the most stress

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae?

Large body, shorter and thicker laminae and pedicles

How is the sacrum formed?

formed from fusion of five sacral vertebrae

What are the regions of the sacrum?

Promontory- projection on superior surface

Ala- Wings

Sacral canal- Vertebral canal

How is the coccyx formed?

formed from fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae

What is the thoracic cage?

bony framework of the chest

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

protects heart lungs, trachea

What is the sternum?

the breastbone

What are the three portions of the sternum?

manibrium, widest and most superior portion

body- longest part of the sternum

xiphoid process- inferior projection

What are the ribs?

12 pairs (24 ribs)

head of ribs articulates with vertebral bodies via articular facets

what are the true ribs 1-7?

articulate anteriorly with the sternum via costal cartilage

What are the false ribs 8-12?

costal cartilage does not attach directly to the sternum

What are the floating ribs?

false ribs pairs 11 and 12 do not articulate with the sternum

What is hyperkyphosis?

exaggerated thoracic curvature

what is hyperlordosis?

exaggerated lumbar curvature

What is scoliosis?

lateral curvature of the spinal column

what is the pectoral girdle?

attaches upper limbs to trunk

what is the pelvic girdle?

attaches lower limbs to trunk

what is the upper limb?

composed of hand, forearm, and upper arm

What is the lower limb?

composed of foot,leg, and thigh

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

allows for movement/mobility of upper appendages

what is the Glenoid cavity?

shallow socket located on the scapila which helps form the glenohumeral joint

What is the function of the clavicle?

provides muscle attachments and transmits force from upper arms to axial skeleton

what does the clavicle articulate with?

sternum(manibrium of sternum) and scapila (acromion process)

what is the scapula?

broad, flat, triangular bone located on the dorsal side of the thoracic cage

what is the Acromion process?

articulates with acromial end of clavicle

what is the coracoid prcoess?

anterior project

What does the glenoid cavity articulate with?

head of humerus

How many bones in upper arm?

1 hummerus in branchial

how many bones in forearm?

1 radius and ulna in antebrachial

How many bones in wrist?

8 carpal bones in carpal

How many bones in palm?

5 metacarpals in palmar

how many bones in the fingers?

14 phalanges in digital

What are the forearm bones?

radius and ulna

Where is the ulna located?

located medially pinky side

where is the radius located?

located laterally thumb side

What does the radius articulate with?

proximal head articulates with the capitulum of humerus

What does the ulna articulate with?

proximal trochlear notch articulates with trochlea of humerus

distal head articulates with radius

What is the fucntion of the interosseus membrane?

keeps radius and ulna at a fixed distance; provides pivot for forearm rotation

what is the interosseus membrane?

borders of radius and ulna connceted by this dense regular connective tissue

what are the metacarpals?

5 bones radiate from distal row of carpals

number 1-5 from thumb side

head articulates with phalanges, forms knuckles

what is the phalanx?

3 phalanges in fingers 2-5 proximal, middle, distal

2 phalanges in thumb (pollex) proximal, distal

what is the pelvic girdle?

formed from 3 bones ilium, ischium, and pubis

articulates posteriorly with sacrum

articulates with femur on lateral surface called acetabulum

what is the ilium?

wing

anterior superior illiac spine

fuses with ischium near superior and posterior maegins of acetabulum

illiac crest= thicken superior margin of ala

what is the ischium?

inferior region of os coxae