midterm a/p

Structural

based on major connective tissue type that binds

bones

• Fibrous.

• Cartilaginous.

• ___Synovial_____

Functional

based on degree of motion.

• Synarthrosis: non-movable.

• Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable.

• Diarthrosis: __non____movablenon

Fibrous Joints

Types

Characteristics.

• United by fibrous connective tissue.

• Have no joint cavity.

• Exhibit little to no movement

Syndesmoses, Gomphoses, sutures

coronal, skull related,

sutures

radial ulna, tibia, fibula,

syndesmoses

tooth alveolar

gomphoses

Opposing bones of the skull interdigitate.

Periosteum of one bone is

continuous with the

periosteum of the other

Sutural ligament: two

periostea plus dense, fibrous,

connective tissue between

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

two

periostea plus dense, fibrous,

connective tissue between

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

In adults may ossify

completely: synostosis

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

synostosis

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

Fontanels: membranous

areas in the suture between

bones. Allow change in shape

of head during birth and rapid

growth of the brain after birth

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

membranous

areas in the suture between

bones. Allow change in shape

of head during birth and rapid

growth of the brain after birth

Fibrous Joints: Sutures

Example: radioulnar

(interosseus membrane

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

Some movement may

occur

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

Bones farther apart than

suture and joined by

ligaments

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

Specialized joints.

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

Pegs that fit into

sockets

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

Periodontal

ligaments: hold teeth in

place.

Inflammations

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

Unite two bones by pad of cartilage

Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondroses: contain hyaline cartilage

Cartilaginous Joints

Symphyses: contain fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous Joints

Examples: Epiphyseal

plates, sternocostal,

sphenooccipital

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Some like costochondral

joints develop into

synovial joints.

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Some are permanent.

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Some are temporary

and are replaced by

synostoses

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Little or no movement.

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Joined by hyaline cartilage

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Examples: symphysis pubis, between the manubrium

sternum and the body of the sternum, intravertebral disks

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Examples: symphysis pubis, between the manubrium

sternum and the body of the sternum, ___________ disks

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Slightly movable.

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Fibrocartilage uniting two bones.

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

Contain synovial fluid: complex mixture

of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and

cells. Hyaluronic acid- slippery.

Synovial Joints

Synovial Joints

Allow considerable movement.

Most joints that unite bones of

appendicular skeleton reflecting greater

mobility of appendicular skeleton

compared to axial.

Synovial Joints

No blood vessels or nerves in articular

cartilages; nutrients from nearby blood

vessels and synovial fluid.

Synovial Joints

Nerves in capsule help brain know

position of joints

Synovial Joints

Synovial membrane and fluid:

membrane lines inside of joint

capsule except at actual articulation

of articular cartilages. Thin, delicate.

Sometimes separated from fibrous

capsule by areolar C.T. and fat,

sometimes merged with fibrous

Synovial Joints

Fibrous capsule: dense irregular

connective tissue, fibrous layer of the periosteum.

Portions may thicken to form

ligaments

Synovial Joints

Joint cavity: : synovial; encloses

articular surfaces

Synovial Joints

hyaline; provides

smooth surface

Articular cartilage:

is inflammation of a bursa.

Accessory Structures

Ligaments and tendons: stabilization

Ligaments and tendons:

temperomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular.

Articular discs:

fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee

meniscus

Tendon sheaths: synovial sacs that surround tendons as they pass

near or over bone

Tendon sheaths:

Pockets of synovial membrane and fluid that extend from the joint.

Found in areas of friction

Bursae.

Six types: joints synovial

Plane, saddle, hinge,

pivot, ball-and-socket,

ellipsoid

occurring around

one axis.

Uniaxial

occurring around

two axes at right angles to

each other

Biaxial

occurring

around several axes

Multiaxial

Uniaxial. some

rotation possible but

limited by surrounding

structures

Plane Joints

Example:

intervertebral,

intercarpal,

acromioclavicular,

carpometacarpal,

costovertebral,

intertarsal, sacroiliac,

tarsometatarsal

Plane Joints

Example: thumb

(carpometacarpal pollicis),

sternoclavicular

Saddle Joints

Biaxial

Saddle Joints

Uniaxial

Hinge Joints

Convex cylinder in one bone;

corresponding concavity in the

other

Hinge Joints

Example: elbow, ankle,

interphalangeal

Hinge Joints

Uniaxial. rotation around a single axis

Pivot Joints

Cylindrical bony process rotating within

a circle of bone and ligament

Pivot Joints

Example: articulation between dens of

axis and atlas (atlantoaxial), proximal

radioulnar, distal radioulnar

Pivot Joints

Multiaxial

Ball-and-Socket Joints

• Examples: shoulder and hip joints

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Example: atlantooccipital, MCP

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints

Modified ball-and-socket; articular

surfaces are ellipsoid

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints

Active: amount of movement accomplished by muscle contraction

Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joints

Passive: amount of movement accomplished by some outside force

active and passive can be influenced by.

Shape of articular surfaces forming joint.

2. Amount and shape of cartilage covering surfaces.

3. Strength and location of ligaments and tendons.

4. Bulk of surrounding tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue.

5. Amount of fluid in and around joint.

6. Amount of pain in and around joint.

7. Amount of use/disuse of joint

Abnormalities in Range of Motion

Dislocation or luxation: articulating surfaces are moved out

of proper alignment.

• Subluxation: partial dislocation

• Sprain: damaged ligament from stretched to completely

torn

Ball-and-socket: stability is reduced, mobility is increased

compared to hip.

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation,

circumduction

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Glenoid labrum: rim of fibrocartilage built up around

glenoid cavity; joint capsule attachment

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Bursae: subacromial and subscapular.

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Rotator cuff: four muscles that along with ligaments give

stability to the joint

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Tendon of biceps brachii passes through the joint capsule.

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Most common traumatic disorders are dislocations and

torn muscles or tendons.

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Compound hinge joint.

• Humeroulnar joint.

• Humeroradial joint.

• Proximal radioulnar joint

Elbow Joint

Shape of trochlear notch and

trochlea limit movement to

extension and flexion

Elbow Joint

Rounded head of radius allows

pronation and supination.

Ligaments

Elbow Joint

Ulnar collateral ligament.

• Radial collateral ligament.

• Radial annular ligament

Elbow Joint

Subacromial bursa.

Elbow Joint

acetabular labrum and transverse

acetabular ligament

Hip (Coxal) Joint

More stable but less mobile than shoulder joint.

Hip (Coxal) Joint

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation,

circumduction

Hip (Coxal) Joint

Extremely strong joint capsule reinforced by ligaments

including the iliofemoral ligament that bears much of the

body weight while standing.

Hip (Coxal) Joint

Ligament of head of femur (round ligament of femur);

often bears nutrient artery.

extend between intercondylar eminence of

tibia and fossa of the femur

Prevents anterior

displacement of tibia.

Anterior cruciate ligament

Knee Joint

Prevents posterior

displacement of tibia

Posterior cruciate ligament.

Knee Joint

along with tendons of thigh

muscles strengthen the joint.

Collateral and popliteal ligaments

Knee Joint

fibrocartilage articular disks that build up the margins of

the tibia and deepen articular surface.

Menisci

allowing flexion/extension, small amount of rotation

Condyloid

Knee Joint

Injury to the Knee

Lateral blows to knee (for

example. from a football

tackle) often tear the

lateral collateral ligament,

the anterior cruciate

ligament, and damage the

medial meniscus.

Highly modified hinge joint.

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Lateral and medial thickening

of articular capsule to prevent

side-to-side movement

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion,

limited inversion and eversion.

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Ligaments of arch.

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Hold bones in proper

relationship.

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Transfer weight.

Ankle (Talocrural) Joint

Effects of Aging on Joints

Tissue repair slows; rate of new blood vessel development

decreases.

• Articular cartilages wear down and matrix becomes more

rigid.

• Production of synovial fluid declines.

• Ligaments and tendons become shorter and less flexible:

decrease in range of motion (R O M).

• Muscles around joints weaken.

• A decrease in activity causes less flexibility and decreased

ROM.

Arthritis.

Osteoarthritis: wear and tear.

• Rheumatoid: caused by transient infection or autoimmune

disease