high yield

what is syncytium

the virus can cause infected cells to fuse with neighboring cells, forming giant cells ( Multinucleated giant cell formed by fusion of adjacent cells)

Pheochromocytoma germline mutations

NF-1 , VHL , RET ( MEN 2A, 2B )

neuro endocrine tumor markers

chromogranin synaptophysin and NSE

serotonin urinary metabolized product

5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid

Tryptophan. 5HTP. serotonin. 5 HIAA

carcinoid tumor histology

rosettes chromogranin and synaptophysin positive

Neuroblastoma is associated with which histo finding

homer wright rosettes ( but this is not only for neuroblastoma ) neuroblast surrounding a central area of neuropil bombesin and NSE

Acyclovir

Acyclovir is a nucleotide analog That is only activated with HSV-1 and HSV-2 or VZV because the virus thymidine kinase is required to activate the drug by placing the first phosphate on the drug followed by the phosphorylation via cellular enzymes. Resistance to Acyclovir occurs due to mutation in the thymidine kinase. Famciclovir valacyclovir and penciclovir are alternatives if resistance develops

what is cowdry bodies

intracellular nucleated esinophilic inclusions of bodies

HSV1 causes keratoconjuctivitis and on flurorescein slit lamp exam we see

Serpignious corneal ulcers

HSV 1 causes which encephalitis

Frontal lobe encephalitis and no 1 cause of sporadic encephalitis in US

which herpes is common in dentists

Herpes whitlow ( dew on rose petals appreance)

which erythema is associated with herpes

Erythema multiform usually apperals after 1-2 weeks of infection

tzank smear test for herpes

we look for large multi nucleated giant cell

what is cheilosis

cracks at the corner of the mouth due to iron deficiency anemia

which TB drugs is associated with sideroblastic anemia. and also which antibiotic

isoniazid

linezolid

Basophilic stippling of RBC what i should think

Lead poisoning (tiny blue-purple dots scattered inside red blood cells. These dots are clumps of ribosomal RNA)

folate circulates in the blood as

5 Methyl tetrahydrofolate

Which parasite in raw freshwater fish causes vitamin B12 deficiency?

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) → B12 deficiency → megaloblastic anemia.

Which spinal cord tracts are damaged in vitamin B12 deficiency?

Dorsal columns + lateral corticospinal tracts → subacute combined degeneration.

what is spatic paresis

partial loss of voluntary muscle movement with increased muscle tone and stiffness due to damage to upper motor neurons.

homocystine is associated with increase risk of

Thormbosis because it damages the endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels) and promotes clot formation.

methotrexate can cause which anemia

B9 megaloblastic anemia because it is folate antagonist and inhibits dihydrofolate reductase ( trimethoprim and phenytoin can also cause B9 anemia

which drugs can cause megaloblastic anemia

hydroxyurea methotrexate phenytoin and sulfa drugs

megaloblastic anemia but no response to B9 and B12 then

it may be orotic aciduria ( due to defect in Uredinine monophosphate synthase which needs to convery orotic acid to UMP to pyrimidine for dna synthsis)

key findings in orotic aciduria

failure to thrive developmental delay megaloblastic anemia increase urinary orotic acid with normal ammonemia

orotic aciduria and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency how to differentiate

orotic acid will be increased but normal ammonia

while in OTD there will be hyperammonemia

Which proteins maintain RBC membrane structure?

Spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, and protein 4.2. (Hereditary spherocytosis)

which diagnostic test is used for Hereditary spherocytosis

Osmotic fragility test and Eosin 5 maleimide binding test

what is Howel jolly bodies

Fragments of nuclear material in RBC

Which proteins maintain RBC membrane structure?

Spectrin, ankyrin, band 3, and protein 4.2. (Hereditary spherocytosis)

A patient presents with pancytopenia. Bone marrow biopsy shows replacement of normal hematopoietic cells by malignant cells or fibrotic tissue. What is the diagnosis?

Myelophthisic process

Kaposi sarcoma can be confused with

Bortonella henselae

Test for paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria

sucrose test for screnning

acidified serum test or flow cytometry to detect DAF ( CD55)

If glutamic acid is replaced by valine and HBS RBC which disease

sickle cell anemia Autosomal recessive mutation of Beta chain

if glutamic acid is replaced by lysine and HBC rbc then which disease

hemoglobin C

what is waldeyers rings

tonils make a ring this is called waldeyers ring ( adenoids tubal palatine lingual these are tonsils which makes this rings from top to bottom

what is hyperkeratosis

thickening of the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) due to increased keratin.

what is vacuolization

formation of small empty-looking spaces (vacuoles) inside a cell’s cytoplasm

Post coital bleeding which important cause i should rule out

cervical cancer

what is tumor suppressor gene

genes that normally prevent uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancer.

Think of them as the brakes of cell division.

which vaccine we can use for HPV

Guardsil vaccine is an inactivated subunit vaccine ( HPV 6 11 16 18

which DNA virus fully replicates outside of the nucleus

Pox virus

intracytoplasmic guarnieri bodies

think of small pox variola

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

molluscum contagiosum

multiple flesh-colored, dome-shaped papules with central umbilication. What is the diagnosis?

Molluscum contagiosum (Poxvirus).