cultural deprivation

what are external factors

factors outside the education system,such as influence of home and family backround and wider society

LANGUAGE CODES (External)

• Bernstein: Restricted code (WC, simple, context-bound) vs Elaborated code (MC, complex, abstract). Exams and teachers use the MC register (Habitus), creating an immediate barrier for WC pupils.

• Bernstein's Defense: stated WC speech is not inferior; schools are at fault for failing to teach them how to use the elaborated code.

WC SUBCULTURES (External)

Sugarman: WC subculture acts as an educational barrier via four values: Fatalism , Immediate Gratification, Present-time Orientation (no long-term planning), and Collectivism

• Sugarman's Defense: These values aren't random; they are a realistic response to the insecure, manual working-class job market of the time.

• Eval (Keddie): Dismisses cultural deprivation as a "myth" and a victim-blaming smoke screen. WC pupils are not culturally deficient; they are simply culturally different. They fail because the education system is systematically rigged in favor of middle-class values.

Evidence for parents education being a factor affecting childs achievemnt

Douglas: WC parents place less value on education → less ambitious for their children→less encouragement →less interest→ visited schools less often→less likely to discuss child’s progress→ less motivation+achievement.

. Feinstein : parents own education is vital factor affecting childs ach. MC tend to be better educated-.socialise child

How do MC parents,who tend to be better educated,socialise their children for higher achievment according to fernstein

parenting style,parents educational behaviours,use of income

parenting style differnece between educated vs less educated parents

educated: emphasise consistent dicipline+high expectations→encourage active learning&exploration

less educated: harsh/inconsistent dicipline→ “behaving yourself”→ prevents independence&self control→poor interaction w teachers+motivation

evaluation for Bernstein's language codes

• Bernstein oversimplifies WC speech as a "deficit" instead of a "difference".

• Rosen: Critiques Bernstein for stereotyping the WC into a monolith; ignores their rich oral/political traditions.

• Labov: Proves WC speech is often more direct & logical. Capable of abstract thought, just uses different grammar rules.

• Bourdieu Link: Branding WC speech as "deficient" is symbolic violence—the system turns a cultural difference into a disadvantage.

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