PHAR 100 Module 1 Flashcards (Queen's University) 낱말 카드

Morphine

Opium contains ~10% morphine and it provides strong pain relief

Codeine

Opium contains ~0.5% codeine and is used in Tylenol-3

Ebers Papyrus

Ancient Egyptian medical text describing drug use and purgatives like senna

Ma Huang

Ancient Chinese drug used for coughs and fevers; ephedrine later isolated

Ephedrine

Treats asthma and works as a decongestant

Paracelsus Quote

Any substance can be a poison and dose determines remedy vs poison

Curare Poison

Used on Amazonian arrows to paralyze prey via respiratory failure

Curare Drug

Muscle relaxant used in surgery in controlled doses

Ergot Poison

Nervous effects like hallucinations and convulsions; vasoconstriction leading to limb damage; strong uterine contractions

Ergotamine

Treats migraines by constricting cranial blood vessels

Ergonovine

Stops uterine bleeding after childbirth

Peyote Contains Mescaline

Used in religious rituals and produces hallucinations

LSD Contribution

Helped show mental illness may involve endogenous brain chemicals

Sulfa Drugs

First synthetic antibacterial drugs

Penicillin

First antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming

Streptomycin

Antibiotic effective against tuberculosis and gram-negative infections

Basic Research

Identifies drug targets and studies molecular to whole animal effects

Lead Compound

A promising molecule selected for further safety and efficacy testing

Preclinical Pharmacology

Determines drug mechanism of action before human testing

Preclinical Toxicology

Assesses acute, chronic, reproductive, carcinogenic, and mutagenic toxicity

Phase 1 Trial

Tests safety and pharmacokinetics in 20-80 healthy volunteers

Phase 2 Trial

Tests effectiveness and safety in 100-500 patients

Phase 3 Trial

Tests safety and efficacy in 1000+ participants across multiple centres

Randomization

Assigns participants to experimental or control groups without bias

Double Blind

Neither investigator nor participant knows assigned treatment

Placebo

Inactive drug that looks identical to the real drug to control for placebo effect

Gold Standard

Best existing therapy used as control when ethical

Informed Consent

Participants must understand risks and procedures before enrolling

Compliance

How often a participant actually takes medication as intended

Phase 4

Post-market surveillance for rare or delayed adverse effects

Bioequivalence

Generic and brand drugs with same active ingredient and similar blood levels

Drug Target

Cellular molecule (often receptor) where drug produces a response

Endogenous Ligand

Native hormone or neurotransmitter that normally activates receptor

Agonist

Drug that binds and activates receptor

Antagonist

Drug that binds receptor but blocks activation

Antacid Example

Neutralizes stomach acid chemically without receptors

Cholestyramine

Binds bile acids and prevents reabsorption

Dose-Response Relationship

Effect increases with dose until maximal effect is reached

Threshold Dose

Minimum dose required before enough receptors are activated

Maximal Effect

Highest achievable response; increasing dose only adds side effects

ED50

Dose that produces 50% of maximal response or works in 50% of population

Efficacy

Maximum response a drug can produce

Potency

Amount of drug required to reach a given response

Clinical Priority

Efficacy is more important clinically than potency

ADME

Absorption distribution metabolism and excretion are the 4 pharmacokinetic processes a drug undergoes once administered

Absorption

Movement of a drug from site of administration into the blood

Distribution

Movement of a drug from blood to tissues and organs

Metabolism

Chemical conversion of a drug usually in the liver making it more water soluble for elimination

Excretion

Removal of drug from body by kidneys, lungs, GI tract, sweat, or breast milk

Bioavailability

Fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation in an active form

Thiopental Ultra-Short Action

Action ends due to redistribution from brain to muscle and fat not rapid breakdown

Route-of-Administration Importance

Different routes can change bioavailability and required dose

Sublingual

Drug placed under tongue for rapid systemic absorption

Buccal

Drug placed in the cheek for systemic absorption

Systemic

Affecting the whole body or multiple organ systems

Functional Group

Substituent responsible for characteristic molecular effects

Moiety

A part or functional group of a molecule

Drug-Drug Interaction

One drug changes the biological effect of another leading to variable response

Adverse Drug Reaction

An unwanted effect of a drug that occurs at therapeutic doses (general section content)

Therapeutic Index

Ratio describing margin between therapeutic effect and toxicity (module concept context)

Toxicity

The harmful or poisonous effect of a drug at higher doses (module concept context)

Variability in Drug Response

Patients differ due to age, genetics, sex, disease states, and other drugs (module pharmacokinetic section summary)

Drug Interactions Importance

Interactions can increase or decrease drug levels and alter safety or effectiveness (module section 05 purpose)

Other Drugs Present

Multiple drugs taken together may alter metabolism, absorption, or elimination of each other leading to changed biological effect

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Nervous System Function

Transmits electrical impulses to coordinate body function (section purpose)

Neuron

Basic functional unit that receives and transmits nerve impulses (section visuals and summary)

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger released from neuron terminal to activate receptors on target cells (section visuals)

Receptor

Protein binding site receiving neurotransmitters to cause cellular response

Synapse

Junction between neurons where neurotransmitter release occurs

Normal Nerve Transmission

Electrical impulse travels along axon then chemical neurotransmitter release at terminals

How Drugs Affect CNS

Drugs can modify neurotransmitter release, receptor activation, or reuptake to alter function (section 06 purpose)

Neurotransmitter Examples

Section discusses various neurotransmitters and receptors in brain (section summary)