Respiratory System

ANAPHY

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

PROVIDES GAS EXCHANGE, HELP REGULATE BLOOD PH, CONTAINS RECEPTORS FOR SENSE OF SMELL

Thoracic Cage boundaries: SUPERIOR

THORACIC OUTLET

Thoracic Cage boundaries: ANTERIOR

STERNUM

Thoracic Cage boundaries: POSTERIOR

THORACIC VERTEBRA

Thoracic Cage boundaries: LATERAL

LATERAL RIBS PAIRED (7 TRUE, 3 FALSE, 2 FLOATING)

Thoracic Cage boundaries: INFERIOR

DIAPHRAGM

Thoracic Cage Mechanism:

STERNUM AND RIBS 1-6

↑ A/P DIAMETER

PUMP HANDLE MOTION

Thoracic Cage Mechanism:

RIBS 7-10

↑ LATERAL DIAMETER

BUCKET HANDLE MOTION

Thoracic Cage Mechanism:

RIBS 8-12

↑ TRANSVERSE DIAMETER

CALIPER MOTION

Thoracic Cage Mechanism:

DIAGPHRAGM

↑ VERTICAL CLEARANCE

PISTON MOTION

How many generations in the Trachiobronchial tree?

23 generations

What are the Alveolar Cells?

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE (dust cell), TYPE I ALVEOLAR, (squamous pulmonary epithelial), CELL TYPE II ALVEOLAR (septal) CELL

Alveolar cell: (dust cell)

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE

Alveolar cell: (squamous pulmonary epithelial)

TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELL

Alveolar cell: (septal)

TYPE II ALVEOLAR CELL

Ventilation

Inhale, exhale

Boyle’s Law 1 atm is equal to?

760 mmhg

RELAXED INSPIRATION MUSCLE/S?

DIAPHRAGM

EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

FORCED INSPIRATION MUSCLE/S?

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

UPPER TRAPEZIUS

PECTORALS

ANTERIOR, MIDDLE AND POSTERIOR SCALENE

SERRATUS ANTERIOR

RELAXED EXPIRATION MUSCLE/S?

NONE

FORCED EXPIRATION MUSCL/S?

ABDOMINALS

SERRATUS POSTERIOR

INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

Coughing
Sneezing
Sighing
Yawning
Sobbing
Crying
Laughing
Hiccupping
Valsalva maneuver
Pressurizing middle ear

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

A long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation that saddenly pushes the rima glottidis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages. Stimulus for this refles act may be a foreign body lodged in the larynt, trachea, or epiglottis.

Coughing

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expets air through the nose and mouth. Stimules may be an irritation of the nasal mucosa.

Sneezing

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

A long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation.

Sighing

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

A deep inhalation through the widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible. It may be stimulated by drowsiness, or someone else's yawning, but the precise cause is unknown

Yawning

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation. The rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lungs with each inhalation.

Sobbing

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

An inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations, during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions and

Crying

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

The same basic movements as crying, bet the rhythm of the movements and the facial expressions usually differ from those of crying. Laughing and crying are sometimes ladistinguishable

Laughing

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation. Stimulus is usually irritation of the sensory nerve endings of the gastrointestinal tract.

Hiccupping

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

Forced exhalation against a closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating.

Valsalva (val-SAL-vs) maneuver

BREATHING MOVEMENTS:

The nose and mouth are held closed and air from the lungs is forced through the auditory tube into the middle ear Employed by those snorkeling or scuba diving during descent to equalize the pressure of the middle ear with that of the

Pressurizing the middle ear

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Voluntary hyperventilation controlled by cerebral cortex and anticipation of activity by stimulation of limbic system.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Voluntary hypoventilation controlled by cerebral cortex.

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Increase in arterial blood Pco, above 40 mmHg (causes an increase in H+) detected by peripheral and central chemoreceptors.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Decrease in arterial blood Pro, below 40 mmHg (causes a decrease in H+) detected by peripheral and central chemoreceptors.

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Decrease in arterial blood Po, from 105 mmHg to 50 mmHg.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Decrease in arterial blood Po, below 50 mmHg.

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Increased activity of proprioceptors.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Decreased activity of proprioceptors.

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Increase in body temperature.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Decrease in body temperature (decreases respiration rate), sudden cold stimulus (causes apnea).

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Prolonged pain.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Severe pain (causes apnea).

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Decrease in blood pressure.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Increase in blood pressure.

Decrease

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Stretching of anal sphincter.

Increase

Increase or Decrease Breathing Rate Depth?:

Irritation of pharynx or larynx by touch or chemicals (causes brief apnea followed by coughing or sneezing).

Decrease

amount of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

TIDAL VOLUME (500 mL)

amount of air that can still be inspired in after a normal inspiration.

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (3000 mL)

amount of air that can still be expired after a normal expiration.

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (1000 mL)

amount of air left inside the lungs after a forceful expiration.

RESIDUAL VOLUME (1500 mL)

Amount of air that can be maximally inspired in after a normal inspiration.

INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (3500 mL)

Amount of air left inside the lungs after a normal expiration

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (2500 mL)

Amount of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration.

VITAL CAPACITY (4500 mL)

Amount of air that can be contained in the lungs.

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (6000 mL)

What are the respiratory centers?

Medullary and Pontine Center

What are under Medullary Center?

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

What are under Pontine Center?

APNEUSTIC CENTER

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

Medullary Center:

NORMAL INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION

INSPIRATORY RAMP SIGNAL 2:3 SECONDS

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

Medullary Center:

FORCEFUL INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

Pontine Center:

LOCATED AT THE LOWER PONS

CONTROLS RATE AND DEPTH

prevents switch off of the respiratory ramp signal

APNEUSTIC CENTER

Pontine Center:

LOCATED AT THE UPPER PONS

switch off the inspiratory ramp signal

PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

What are the chemoreceptors?

CENTRAL

PERIPHERAL

Chemoreceptor:

LOCATION: MEDULLA

STIMULUS: ↑ HYDROGEN IONS

CENTRAL

Chemoreceptor:

LOCATION: CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES

STIMULUS: ↑PaCO2 ↓PaO2 ↓ Ph (acidosis)

PERIPHERAL

O2-Hgb Dissociation Curve:

↑ HYDROGENS IONS

↑ CARBON DIOXIDE

↑ TEMPERATURE

↑ 2,3 DPG (DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE)

EXERCISE

SHIFT TO THE RIGHT

O2-Hgb Dissociation Curve:

↓ HYDROGEN IONS

↓ CARBON DIOXIDE

SHIFT TO THE LEFT

What are pH, paCO2, HCO3, paO2, saO2 called as a whole?

Arterial Blood Gas

NORMAL VALUES:

pH

7.35-7.45

NORMAL VALUES:

PaCO2

35-45 mmHg

NORMAL VALUES:

HCO3

22-26 mEq/L

NORMAL VALUES:

PaO2

80-100 mmHg

NORMAL VALUES:

SaO2

95-100%

What is inversely related to pH?

PaCO2 (acid is HIgh, Alka is Low)

What is directly related to pH?

HCO3 (Acid is low, Alka is high)

ABG stands for?

Arterial Blood Gas

pH is Normal, PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal

Fully Compensated

pH is abnormal, one of HCO3 and PaCO2 are abnormal

Uncompensated

all three of pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 are abnormal

Partially Compensated

Resp. Alkalosis Signs/Symptoms

Dizziness, Early Tetany, Numbness, Tingling, Syncope

Resp. Acidosis Signs/Symptoms

Early: Headache, Anxiety, Restlessness, Dyspnea

Late: Disorientation (PBEQ), Somnolence, Coma

Metab. Alkalosis Signs/Symptoms

Weakness, Early Tetany, Mental Dullness, ↑
DTRS, Muscle Twitching

Metab. Acidosis Signs/Symptoms

Nausea, Lethargy, Coma
(+) Kussmal breathing
(↑ rate, ↑ depth, metabolic/ketoacidosis)

CAUSED BY:

Hyperventilation

Resp. Alkalosis

CAUSED BY:

Diarrhea

Metab. Acidosis

CAUSED BY:

Hypoventilation

Resp. Acidosis

CAUSED BY:

Vomiting

Metab. Alkalosis