Lecture 24

what is heart rate

measure the number of time the heart beats per minute

normal resting heart rate

60-99 beats per minute

how to measure heart rate

by measuring the pulse

blood pressure

measures the pressure that the blood puts the wall of artery

what device is used to measure blood pressure

a sphygmomanometer

unit for blood pressure

millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

normal blood pressure

120/80 mHg

top number of blood pressure

systolic- maximum pressure in artery right after heart contracts

bottom number of blood pressure

diastolic- minimum pressure when heart muscle relaxes

blood pressure steps simple

1\. cuff put around upper arm

2\. cuff inflates with bulb

3\. when pressure high, constricts brachial artery so no blood can flow into arm

4\. stethoscope placed on brachial artery

5\. valve slowly opening for air to be released

6\. pressure in cuff decreases

7\. blood starts to flow agina

8\. tapping sound heard “Korotkoff sound” (systolic pressure)

9\. tapping sound disappears ; blood flowing freely (diastolic pressure)

low blood pressure chart

90/60 Hypotension

80/60 Nausea; Dizziness

80/50 Fatigue; Tired

70/50 Weak; Blurry Vision

60/45 Sleepiness; Confusion

50/35 Coma; Death

explain blood brain barrier

tight layer of cell that forms the walls of capillaries

flow of materials in and out are then restricted

this protects the brain from pathogens and toxins

compounds that can penetrate blood-brain barrier

small, uncharged molecules like O2, CO2, and H2O

uncharged organic molecules

caffeine, nicotine, and general anesthetics

readily soluble in the lipid bilayer and can pass in not the brain

what needs to be transported by specific trasport proteins

polar or ionic compounds

naturally occurring amines extracted from plants

alkaloids

two examples of alkaloids

caffeine and nicotine widely used as stimulants of the CNS

caffine

mild stimulant, iINCREASING HEART RATE and singling glucose production so a person feels energetic

caffeine on health

in moderation, caffeine poses no health risks, but should be limited for pregnant (INCREASES RISK OF MISCARRIAGE) or nursing women

caffeine addiction and withdrawal symptoms

headache, irritability, and mild depression

nicotine

highly toxic amine isolated from tobacco, which acts as a stimulant in low doses

in high doses causes nausea, vomiting, and even death

why is nicotine an addictive compound

because it binds to nicotine receptors in the brain cells giving the pleasurable sensation of feeling high

because of the powerful addictiveness of nicotine

trying to quit smoking can be very difficult

one quitting method is

nicotine path placed on skin, providing the nicotine at decreasing doses until the addiction is overcome

application of patch

applied to the skin and nicotine diffuses through the skin and into the bloodstream

\-slowly concentration is reduced so hopefully smoker willl no longer need nicotine

morphine and related alkaloids

morphine is obtained from the opium poppy (MOST)

codeine is also present in the opium poppy but in smaller amounts

morphine

used for severe chronic pain

often prescribed for patient following surgery or terminal cancer

why is morphine addictive

binds to and actives opioid receptors on cell located in the brain, spinal cord, and other organs involved in pain and pleasure

patients using morphine long temr

must INCREASE DOSE to reach same effect

codine

similar structure to morphine, but for less severe pain

codeine can be used in combination with other medications to reduce coughing

STILL VERY ADDICTIVE

very addictive illegal drug made from morphine

heroin

\-less polar than morphine, making it more soluble in the body’s fat cell

^this makes heroine 2 TO 3 TIME MORE POTENT than morphine in producing euphoria and pain relief

drug used to treat overdoses of

naloxone (brand name Narcan)

\-binds to opioid receptor and reverses or blocks the effects of other opioids

Atrophine

isolated from the Atropa belladonna or deadly nightshade plant

relaxes smooth muscles and interferes with nerve impulses

why do physicians administer atropine to patients who are experiencing a low heart rate

because it increases heart rate