Cardiovascular system

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle.

What blood vessel does the right ventricle pump blood through?

Pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries

Is blood in the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?

deoxygenated

What blood vessels bring oxygenated blood into the left atrium?

The pulmonary veins

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood ______.

AWAY from the heart

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood ____.

BACK to the heart

What are the only deoxygenated arteries in the adult body?

the pulmonary arteries

What are the only oxygenated veins in the body?

pulmonary veins

Where does gas exchange occur to oxygenate blood?

pulmonary capillaries

What are other names for the left AV valve?

bicuspid valve or mitral valve

What is another name for the Right AV valve?

tricuspid valve

What is the purpose of valves in the heart and in the veins?

prevent backflow of blood

What is the purpose of the semilunar valves?

prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

What is the purpose of the AV valves?

To prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract

What is systolic blood pressure?

Pressure in arteries/left ventricle when ventricles are at maximum contraction.

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Pressure in left ventricle/arteries when ventricle is relaxed.

What is the purpose of pulmonary circulation?

gas exchange - oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

What is the purpose of systemic circulation?

To deliver oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to cells; to carry away wastes and hormones made by the cell.

What are the parts of the hearts conduction system?

1. Sinoatrial node

2. Atrioventricular node

3. Atrioventricular bundle

4. Bundle branches

5. Purkinje fibers

What does the P wave of an ECG represent?

atrial depolarization

What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent?

ventricular repolarization

What happens first-

depolarization of the ventricles or contraction/systole of the ventricles?

depolarization (always occurs before/is the cause of contraction)

What does the term systole mean?

contraction of the ventricles.

What does diastole mean?

relaxation of the ventricles

Describe the vein structure: its pressure, smooth muscle, valves, and direction.

Less smooth muscle, blood is at a lower pressure, valves are required to prevent back flow. Veins take blood back to the heart.

Describe the artery structure: its pressure, smooth muscle, valves, and direction.

Very high pressure, lots of smooth muscle, and no valves. Arteries move blood away from the heart.

How do arterioles differ from arteries?

Arteries: deliver blood to organs.

Arterioles: regulate the blood flow through the organ by either constricting to limit blood flow or dilating to increase blood flow.

Arteriole constriction has the greatest impact on systemic blood pressure.

What neurotransmitter increases heart rate?

norepinephrine

What neurotransmitter slows heart rate?

acetylcholine

What are the components of blood?

plasma and formed elements

What are the formed elements of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

What does plasma consist of?

water, clotting factors, nutrients, hormones, antibodies, cellular wastes, and electrolytes

What cells line the blood vessels and the inside of the heart?

endothelial cells

(simple squamous epithelial cells)

Describe erythrocyte structure and function

Structure: No nucleus, contains a lot of hemoglobin (iron containing protein that can bind oxygen)

Function: They carry oxygen to tissues, then release it to diffuse into the cells.

What is the role of thrombocytes?

These cell fragments clump together (when stimulated) and help form blood clots

What is the role of circulating leukocytes?

To fight infection. They patrol the blood and tissues. When they are attracted to a wound of infection site, they can leave blood vessels and enter the tissue.

What are the main factors that impact blood pressure?

Cardiac output (how much blood the heart pumps)

Peripheral resistance (how much constriction or dilation of the blood vessels)

What heart structure is considered the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial node (SA node)

What are the layers of the heart wall?

1. Epicardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

What is the function of the Epicardium?

Outer layer of the heart wall

What is the function of the Myocardium?

Cardiac muscle that contracts to pump blood

What is the function of the Endocardium?

Smooth inner lining of chambers and valves