mitochondria + pyruvate oxidation

what is mitochondria special for?

specialized to produce large amounts of ATP

What processes occur in mitochondria? (3)

1) pyruvate oxidation

2) Krebs cycle

3) electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

What is the structure of mitochondria?

• has TWO membranes (outer + inner)

What does the inner mitochondria membrane do? (3)

1) creates TWO compartments within the mitochondrion (2 microenvironments to help w/functions)

2) inner membrane contains PROTEINS that make up mitochondria electron transport chain

3) cristae → folds of the inner membrane that increase surface area available for E.T.C

How does mitochondria relate to cells? (3)

• DNA

• RNA

• RIBOSOMES

what is endosymbiosis? what does the word mean?

theory that explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral cell.

endo → inside

symbiosis → mutual benefit/ living together

what is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?

• mitochondrial DNA is circular like the ones in prokaryotes

• mitochondria are the evolutionary descendants of prokaryotes that established a symbiotic relationship with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells

**suggests that mitochondria evolved from free-living prokaryotic bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

where do the pyruvates formed in glycolysis travel through?

• the mitochondrial membranes and into the matrix

what does pyruvate oxidation do?

changes EACH pyruvate:

1) co2 portion REMOVED

2) Nad+ reduced by TWO H atoms

3) coenzyme A is attached to the remaining acetic acid portion (acetyl group)

What is produced per molecule of glucose through pyruvate oxidation?

2 co2 (lost)

2 NADH created → ETC

2 acetyl Co A enter kreb’s cycle

What happens to acetyl co a when ur body doesnt need atp?

• acetyl co a is used to synthesize LIPIDS → stores energy as fat

**When ATP is abundant, the body can use excess nutrients to synthesize and store fat. Acetyl-CoA can be used as a starting material for fatty acid synthesis instead of being oxidized in the Krebs cycle.

Why do most fatty acids have even number of carbons?

• acetyl coA contains 2 carbon acetyl groups

• fatty acid synthesis builds fatty acid chains by adding 2 carbon units

• therefore it grows 2 carbons at a time

How do you know how acetyl co a is used?

depends on ATP levels in the cell