B. Tech Exam 2

What is masonry?

Building blocks held in place with mortar

What is mortar made of?

Cement, hydrated lime and a fine aggregate (sand) mixed with water

Examples of building blocks

Stone, brick, concrete masonry units

-Whatever bears loads that need to be supported

How do you lay stone?

Mortar is troweled in place to create a "bed"

How do we allow masonry to shed water?

Strike the joint with a jointer trowel

3 parts of a masonry wall

-Coursing (horizontal layer)

-Outer wythe

-Inner wythe

Stone veneer

Only supports the weight of the stone above it

What is a fire cut beam or joist?

Allows the floor to collapse without taking the walls down also

3 parts to an opening in a masonry wall

-Lintels (header)

-Jams (sides)

-Sills (Bottom)

Parts of arches

-Keystone (Top)

-Voussoir (where arch becomes an arch)

-Impost (column or pier)

-Spring line (where the arch begins)

-Rise (how tall arch is)

-Span (how wide)

What is a sill?

-The bottom of window openings that are sloped to shed water

Different wall types and characteristics

-Un-reinforced: masonry that do not contain steel

-Reinforced: with rebar, ties, ladders, wire trusses

-Mono-structure: single continuous material

-Composite: 2 or more materials creating a more durable structure

-Solid wall: Single material with no insulation

-Cavity wall: Cavity with insulation

What is tuckpointing?

Repair and maintenance by chipping the outer face of masonry

Masonry adhesive

Expands when exposed to air, used instead of mortar

How are CMU's reinforced?

-Reinforcement bar

-Ties

-Ladders

-Wire

-Trusses

What do lintels do?

Header of a masonry opening that supports only what is above the window, in the triangle shape

Corbelling

The triangular part of an opening in a masonry opening

What does a sill do?

Gets water away from the openings, slopes down

What is flashing?

Thin piece of impervious material that does not allow water to pass

What is external flashing?

Keeps moisture out of the wall assembly

What is internal flashing?

Draining moisture that has penetrated the assembly out of the wall

Concrete masonry units (CMU) are used for...

low rise structures, about 6 stories

What is R-value?

The resistance of conductive heat energy

What are earth blocks made of?

Typically sand or soil from the site, cement, and water, secured with stucco

What are gabions?

Rock cages

What are advantages of hemp blocks?

-Load bearing

-Fire resistant

-Has chance to run wiring

What are structural insulated panels (SIP) made of?

OSB and foam board insulation

What are SIPs?

-Load bearing highly insulated structural sandwich of structural panels

-Can be used as the structural system

What are splines?

Joint that structurally and thermally connects SIPs together

SIP Advantages

-High R-value

-Stud loss is minimized or eliminated

-Airtight insulation value beyond the R-value

-Vapor barrier decisions are simpler because there is no air void

SIP Disadvantages

-Site modifications can be costly and time consuming

-Limited design options

-Not adequately fire protected

-Lack durability if wet, can rot

What do taped joints do?

-Keep air from escaping at the joints between panels -Moisture/vapor tape is used

What are advantages of 3D printing buildings?

-Rapid prototyping

-Flexible design forms

-Strong and lightweight

-Fast design and production

-Cost effective

-Minimizes waste

What are disadvantages of 3D printing?

-Limited materials

-Restricted size

-Delamination

-Reduction in manufacturing jobs

-Insulation complications

What is the difference between load bearing straw bale construction and infill?

-Load bearing: Supports roof

-Infill: wood frame and straw is used as insulation

What is the base condition of a straw bale structure?

-The wall construction must allow the wall to breath

-The base must be able to drain

What is stucco made of?

-Portland cement

-Sand

-Water

-Lime

What is a rammed earth wall made of?

-Soil/clay

-Sand

-Water

-Binder (cement)

*Can be insulated

What is a tinsel fabric structure?

Like an umbrella, has a frame and the fabric lays on top/between

What is a air supported fabric structure?

Big ahh balloon held with cables

What are pressure inflated foil systems?

A single layer or foil creating an enclosure

OR

Multiple layers with compressed air in-between

Pillows!!

Advantages of shipping containers

-Strong

-Can make cool shit with them

Disadvantages of shipping containers

-Limited head height

-Don't come ready made to be a livable space

What are the primary functions of cladding?

-Keeping water out

-Preventing air leakage

-Controlling light

-Controlling radiation of heat

-Controlling conduction of heat

-Controlling water vapor

-Adjusting to movement

-Resisting wind pressure

-Resisting fire

-Controlling sound

How is a curtain wall structured?

"Hangs" from the building

What are the types of walls?

-Barrier wall: Outer surface prevents water penetration

-Mass wall: Absorbs and slowly releases moisture

-Drained cladding: Multi-layered system w/ outer cladding, air/drainage cavity, and water resistant barrier

How does water move across the surface?

-Gravity

-Momentum

-Surface tension

-Capillary action

Weather resistive (moisture) barrier v Air barrier v Vapor Barrier

Weather resistive: Keeps rain out, lets vapor escape

Air: Controls air leakage, in and out

Vapor: Controls moisture vapor diffusion through materials, not airflow

What is dew point?

When the temp is cool enough to where water condenses

Impermeable v permeable

-Impermeable: does not let vapor through

-Permeable: allows vapor through

Aluminum curtain walls: Why are they the metal of choice?

-Protects itself from corrosion by anodizing

-Accepts and holds a variety of materials and resists galvanic action

-Can be shaped into economical components by means of extrusion

What are the parts of a rain screen?

-WRB (weather resistive barrier)

-Vertical sleeper to promote venting

-Horizontally run siding

What are rain screens?

Outer screen with a ventilated gap in between the cladding and the weather resistant barrier

What are the two design components to metal siding?

-Ribbing

-Painting

How do we fasten shingles?

Face fastening patterns

*Keeps even + fits well

*Conceals fasteners

3 different types of stone

Sedimentary: Under da water (Limestone)

Metamorphic: Earth (Slate, marble)

Igneous: Lava (Granites, quartz)

What should we consider when choosing a stone to design with?

-Density: How hard it is

-Porosity + absorption: Porous, absorbs liquid quickly

-Permeability: How it handles vapor

-Surface appearance: How it can be finished

What do we consider when choosing wood siding?

-How is it being installed?

-Is it a barrier wall or rain screen?

-What kind of wood?

-Rot resistant?

-UV resistant?

-Does it require maintenance?

What does the ceder breather moisture barrier do?

Holds shingles away from the moisture barrier

What are insulated wall panels?

Metal wrapped, they lock together

Different levels of sealant

-Gunable: Caulk

-Low range: for small, non-structural gaps

-High range: for large, structural gaps

What is a gasket?

Rubber piece to create thermal breaks

What do we use so we don't load up with caulk?

Backer rods

What are the parts of the chimney?

-Terracotta flue tile (fireproof)

-Concrete chimney block (structure and contains the heat)

-Brick veneer (for looks)

What is efflorescence?

Migration of calcium

*Means water is being held, not good

What is solar driven moisture?

Wall is wet, sun heats brick, moisture in joints converts to steam. It converts back to moisture and runs down the wall to drain at weep holes

What are weeps?

Holes in masonry walls to allow drainage

6 ways of brick position

-Stretcher

-Header

-Shiner

-Rowlock

-Sailor

-Solider

Transparent v translucent

-Transparent: light rays pass through in a way that allows for the recognition of objects

-Translucent: light passes through but obscures the objects on the other side

Annealed glass

-Slowly cooled

-Most basic type of glass

-Glass shards

-Not safety glass

Tempered glass

-4-6 times stronger than annealed glass

-Safety glass

-Chunks

Laminated glass

-Sheets of glass with a thin layer of plastic between the sheets

-Broken in spider web pattern

Heat strengthened laminated glass

-Structural load bearing

-Triple laminated heat strengthened

Insulated glass units (IGU)

2 or 3 panels of glass with a vacuum or gas filled space between

What does Low-E glass do?

Controls solar heat gain by reflecting the heat

Visible transmittance?

How clear the glass is when looking through it

Solar heat gain coefficient

How much of the sun's heat does the glass let through

U-Value

How well does the glass insulate

Air leakage

How much air passes through the glazing system

Energy star zones

Helps decide which windows and doors to use

Spider fittings

Holds panels of glass together

BUTT GLAZING!

Glass meeting with no frame

Smart glass

Electrochromic coating consists of layers of ceramic material that are activated by an electrical charge

Fritted glass

Ceramic frits to the surface, creating colorfast, uv stable, scratch resistant colors for exterior and interior use

Fire RATED glass

Designed to prevent the SPREAD OF FLAMES AND SMOKE

Fire PROTECTIVE glass

Defends against flames and smoke ONLY FOR ITS DESIGNATED RATING

Fire RESISTIVE glass

Defends against HEAT, SMOKE, RADIANT AND CONDUCTIVE HEAT

Insulated glass channel

Thermal breaks created between the channels of glass and aluminum frames

Nanogel Aerogel

Clear, lightweight insulation

Different roof types

-Gable

-Hip roof

-Gambrel

-Mansard

-Salt box

-Shed

-Pyramidal

-Monitor

-Half monitor

-Butterfly

-Vaulted

-Flat

What does roofing do?

Protects the roof structure from the elements and managing the storm water

What are scuppers?

Drains through the parapet

When do we use internal drains?

On flat roofs

Why do we use heat tape?

Used on gutters, downspouts, and drains to prevent freezing

Single ply membrane details

-Membrane

-Membrane Plate washers

-Adhesive

-Underlayment

-Roof sheathing

TPO and PVC single ply membrane

The large white roofs help to avoid heat islands that can create microclimates

What do heat welded joints do?

Makes the roof finish continuous

How do we install membrane roofs in winter?

Metal plates and heat seeking magnet

Standing seam roofing seam options

-Snap lock

-Mechanically seamed

How do we securing sheet metal?

Pop rivet and pop rivet gun