Psych Assessment Midterm Edition (Pioneers, Terminologies, Tests)

Medical Theory of Hippocrates and Galen

the belief that dominance/excess of such fluid is behind emotions, moods, and behaviors

Sanguine

blood

Choleric

yellow bile

Melancholic

black bile

Phlegmatic

phlegm

Imperial Examination

a competitive and large-scale civil service examination in China; the test intended to screen applicants or determine fitness for a government position

Phrenology

the measurement of the human skull and identification of head bumps as the basis of mental traits

Franz Joseph Gall

the one who developed phrenology

Physiognomy

the impression of personality based on a person's outer facial appearances

Johann Kaspar Lavater

an 18th-century Swiss pastor and writer, popularized and codified physiognomy

Graphology

analysis of the physical characteristics and patterns of handwriting indicating psychological state at the time of writing, or as a means for evaluating personality characteristics

Jean-Hippolyte Michon

the one who coined the term graphology

Wilhelm Wundt

father of scientific psychology who used a calibrated pendulum or thought meter (a brass instrument) to measure the “speed of thought”

Charles Darwin

influenced interest in individual differences and heredity

Francis Galton

father of psychometrics; recognized for his major contributions to the measurement of individual differences and statistical methods in psychology

Karl Pearson

the one who developed Pearson Product Moment Correlation

Charles Spearman

is credited for originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis; he also had his view on intelligence called the "g"

Hermann Ebbinghaus

the one who used a sentence completion test as a measure of intelligence and also pioneered the experimental study on memory

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

invented the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale

Binet-Simon Scale

a test to screen French schoolchildren's intelligence, identify those with intellectual disability and used it as a basis for educational placement and instructional intervention

James McKeen Cattell

focused on individual differences in reaction time and used the term “mental test” in one of his publications

Lightner Witmer

founded the first psychological clinic in the US at the University of Pennsylvania; also the journal Psychological Clinic with the first article titled, "Clinical Psychology"

Henry Goddard

the one who translated the Binet-Simon Scales from French into English meant to be used for screening immigrants coming to the US at that time; also used terminologies to describe degrees of mental retardation (MR)

John Watson

the one who published “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It” making behavioral observation a key tool in personality/psychological assessment

Lewis Terman

the one who revised the Binet-Simon scales and published the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

William Stern

introduced the concept of IQ that involves mental age and chronological age

Robert Yerkes

a military psychologist who spearheaded the Army Alpha and Beta examinations administered to World War 1 military recruits for evaluation and classification purposes

Army Alpha Test

intended for the native American military recruits who are literate and proficient in English communication and were typically placed under Officer military positions

Army Beta Test

group composed of non-native Americans or immigrants who were illiterate and not proficient in English and were typically placed in rank and file positions in the military

Robert Woodworth

developed the Personal Data Sheet, the premier personality/self-report inventory used for psychiatric screening of new recruits

Personal Data Sheet

it is a paper and pencil test designed to measure emotional stability and adjustment that could be administered quickly and efficiently to group of recruits; to screen army recruits susceptible to "shell shock" or psychoneurosis

Kurt Goldstein

began to develop neurodiagnostic tests for soldiers who suffered a brain injury during the WW1

Louis Leon Thurstone

used factor analysis to study the different abilities that make up intelligence

David Wechsler

a clinical psychologist at Bellevue Hospital in New York, developed and published the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

Weschler Bellevue Intelligence Scale

an individually-administered IQ test, it was designed to measure adult intelligence

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

a well-known paper and pencil clinical test

Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)

a standardized college entrance exam used to measure high school students' readiness for undergraduate study

Donald Super

proposed a theory called Psychology of Careers where he linked personality to career choices and can have reciprocal effects

John Holland

published the Manual for the Vocational Preference Inventory where he proposed a classification system consisting of six personality types based upon corresponding interest patterns (RIASEC)

Digital Phenotyping

passive data collection from smartphones and wearable tech allows behavioral tracking in real-world environments

Intelligence Tests

measure an individual's ability in relatively global areas such as verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, reasoning ability, quantitative reasoning, memory recall, and thereby help determine potential for scholastic work or certain occupations

Creativity Test

aka measuring divergent thinking; is a particular type measures a person’s ability to produce new ideas, insights, or artistic creations that are accepted as being of social, aesthetic, or scientific value

Neuropsychological Tests

measure cognitive, sensory, perceptual, and motor performance to determine the extent, locus, and behavioral consequences of brain damage

RA 10029

also known as the Philippine Psychology Act of 2009, is a law that regulates the practice of psychology and psychometrics in the Philippines

Psychometrician

in the Western Context is the one who is expected to develop tests and instruments with a goal to measure psychological variables and individual differences and make sure that these are statistically viable to measure

Psychometrician

in the Philippine context, they are expected to administer, score, interpret, psychological tests particularly paper & pencil or the so-called objective type of tests

Psychologist

typically assumes the following functions — psychological assessment and diagnosis (individual or organizational); conduct of treatment planning or any psychological intervention program; and psychological program development and implementation

Psychological Testing

refers to the “process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior”

Psychological Assessment

is the process of gathering and integrating of psychology-related data obtained with the use of various procedures such as individual tests, projective techniques, interviews, behavioral observation

Referral Source

is anyone as representative in any setting whether clinical, forensic, company, school, or any government, private firms, and NGO’s who refers identified person for psychological assessment

Psychological Tests

are content or the items, response format, standardized procedures for administration, scoring, and interpretation, and technical quality or utility, which means, having psychometric properties in the form of reliability, validity, and norms for standardization

Interview

is a form of personal and direct communication or interchange as a method of data-gathering

Semi-structured Interview

makes use of both closed- and open-ended questions and entails flexibility on the part of the interviewer

Unstructured Interview

involves flexibility, with pre-set questions as agenda unique to the interviewee and line of questioning is highly dependent on the interviewee’s responses through the use of the interviewer’s probing questions for in-depth quality of responses Behavioral Observation

Mental Status Examination (MSE)

the use of both interview and behavioral observation in the clinical setting

Case History Data

refers to information that can be obtained, verified, or supplemented by archival records, documents, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, digital/electronic pertinent to the life history and presenting problem of a client

Portfolio Assessment

that makes use of samples of one's ability and accomplishments composed of different medium as a tool for evaluation

Roleplay

also called Situational Performance Tests; is an assessment procedure wherein subjects are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation and thus, are being evaluated with regard to their expressed thoughts, behaviors, abilities, and other variables

Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol

developed one of the first crude mental tests; used descriptions of verbal characteristics associated with different levels of “idiocy”

Ernst Heinrich Weber & Gustav Theodor Fechner

developed psychophysical methods

Francis Galton

known as the Father of the Mental Testing Movement

Binet, Henri & Simon

studied mental functions, higher-order vs simple sensory functions

Goddard & Terman

adapted the Binet-Simon scale

Terman

adopted Stern’s concept of mental quotient & named it Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

David Wechsler

he systematized & organized a series of subtests into a standardized point scale

Alfred Binet

wrote about components of intelligence which include reasoning, judgment, memory, and abstraction but did not provide an explicit definition of intelligence

David Weschler

viewed intelligence as “an aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment”

Jean Piaget

who focused on the development of intelligence among children

Sensorimotor Period

birth to 2 years

Pre-operational Period

2 to 7 years

Concrete Operations

7 to 11 years

Formal Operations

11 upwards

Factor Analysis

refers to a group of statistical techniques designed to determine the existence of underlying relationships between sets of variables, including test scores

JP Guilford

developed structure of intellect, operation (activities) content (material) products (result of the operations)

Vernon’s Hierarchical Theory

the factors at the top were more general abilities that affected a wide range of intelligent behaviors while those factors at the bottom involved specific skills for an act

Raymond Bernard Cattell

was one of the major contributors to the CHC Model, also known as the Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities

Top Stratum

represents one general intelligence or ability; it is the broadest level of cognitive ability

Second Stratum

consists of several broad cognitive abilities

Third Stratum

consists of more specific and specialized cognitive abilities

Fluid Intelligence

the ability to reason, solve new problems, and adapt to unfamiliar situations without relying heavily on previously learned knowledge

Crystallized Intelligence

the ability to use knowledge and skills acquired through education, learning, and experience

Alksander Luria

considered the father of modern neuropsychological assessment

Robert Sternberg

he argued that the essence of intelligence is that it provides a means to govern ourselves, and proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence

Ability Tests

assess cognitive and motor skill sets that have been acquired over a long period of time and that are not attributable to any specific program of instruction

Aptitude Tests

also called prognostic tests that refer to an individual’s characteristics that indicate the potential to develop a culturally valued ability, given the right circumstances; measure innate potential

Achievement Tests

assess what an examinee has already learned as a result of education or other training experiences; designed to assess the extentto which a person has developed a specific motor skill or learned a specific body of knowledge and is administered following a period of instruction

Abstract Reasoning Tests

use diagrams, symbols or shapes instead of words or numbers

Inductive Reasoning Tests

designed to examine a candidate’s abstract reasoning ability

Verbal Reasoning Tests

assess your ability to comprehend passages of text and make accurate deductions

Mathematical Abilities

measures conceptual understanding which reflects a student's ability to reason in settings involving the careful application of concept definitions, relations, or representations of mathematical nature

Situational Judgement Tests

are psychological tests that assess your judgement in resolving work-based problems

Psychoeducational Test Batteries

are test kits containing multiple tests designed to assess both a person's abilities related to academic success and their educational achievement

Performance Task

is a work sample designed to elicit representative knowledge, skills, and values from a particular domain of study

Authentic Assessment

aka performance-based assessment – refers to evaluation of relevant, meaningful tasks that may be conducted to evaluate learning of academic subject matter

Portfolio Assessment

is a type of performance assessment wherein one’s work samples are evaluated

Career

is defined as the combination and sequence of roles played by a person during the course of a lifetime; used to describe an occupation or a profession; an individual’s journey

Vocation

strong feeling of suitability for a particular career or occupation; a trade or profession

Super’s Career Development Theory

views career choice as a lifelong, unfolding process where individuals continuously develop and implement their vocational self-concept

Growth

this early stage is the place to develop self-concept, attitudes and needs, as well as defining abilities and areas of interest

Exploration

in this stage, individuals try on a few different roles, and eventually focus on a specific career direction and look for additional education and training