BioPsych & Bx Neuro. Exam 1 - Chs 2/3

selective permeability

lets certain ions and molecules pass while blocking others

sodium resting potential

wants inside electrostatically, wants inside concentration wise

potassium resting potential

wants inside electrostatically, wants outside concentration wise

resting membrane potential (Vr)q

specialized proteins - balance of electrochemical forces, cell membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluids, inside of cell neg. charged

cell at rest, what's inside?

potassium and organic ions

cell at rest, whats outside?

sodium and chloride

every _ potassium in for every _ sodium out

2, 3

potassium (K)

positive charge

electrostatus and concentration disagree

potassium (K)

sodium (Na+)

positive charge

electrostatus and concentration agree

sodium

equillibrium state charge

-65 mV

Nernst equation

predicts voltage needed to counterbalance diffusion force pushing ions across membrane, not as accurate bc only accounts for one ion

neurons at rest - ions

majority, anions (-), minority, cations (+)

sodium potassium pump

pumps sodium outside, pumps potassium inside, flips during AP

hyperpolarization

Increased neg. charge

depolarization

increase pos. charge, if enough, AP reaches threshold

absolute refractory period

AP impossible

after absolute refractory period

only intense stimulus could cause AP

myelinated axons

majority, prevent AP dissipating - don't have to regenerate AP signal, considerable resistance to flow of ionic currents, 325 mph

ESPS

excititory postsynaptic potential, depolarize (make pos.) more likely to cause AP

ISPS

inhibitory postsynaptic potential, hyperpolarization (more neg.), AP less likely, results from chloride

spatial summation

add postsynaptic potential over distance

temporal summation

add postsynaptic potential over time

how NT removed from cleft

enzymatic degradation - transporter, recycles NT, reuptake - diffusion

alive techniques for study

neuronal tracing, CAT/CT, transcranial doppler, MRI fMRI, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography

these nerves are part of the somatic NS and directly enter/leave the brain without joining the spinal cord

cranial

what is not a trait of an axon?

tapering progressively towards end after leaving soma

what type of glia cells form the myelin sheath in the CNS

oligodendrocytes

white matter is mostly comprised of

myelinated axons

T/F some glial cells can send AP and are directly involved in neuronal communication

false

which NT is released in the postganglionic cells of the parasympathetic NS

acetycholine

what is part of the brain stem

medulla

what technique is not used for studying structural details of the living brain

immunohistochemistry

when the neuron is at rest; sodium cations have __ electrostatic pressure

inward

this force determines movement of ions and causes them to move to areas where there are fewer ions

diffusion

which of the following requires constant energy in the form of ATP

sodium potassium pump

at resting potential, the membrane potential is roughly equal to the Nernst equation for

potassium (sodium at peak AP)

the magnitude of a depolarizing stimulus is reflected in the _ as the _, always remains constant

frequency, amplitude

the membrane is selectively permeable to which ion

potassium

at rest, the intracellular space is negatively charged due to the presence of

anions

temporal summation is the ability for graded potentials that occur at different __ to be added together

times

axonal transport, anterograde

moves towards axon terminal

axonal transport, retrograde

moves back to cell body

glial cells

astrocytes, olidendrocytes, schwann cells, microglial

microglial cells

break down pathogens and dying cells, immune system for brain

astrocytes

regulate blood flow, gives neurons more supplies when active, receive synapses

schwann cell

make white matter, deficiency: limits communication, physical and mental problems

olidendrocytes

form myelin sheath for CNS

number of synapses compared to neurons

neurons, 80-90 billion, synapses, quadrillion, 10 to the power of 15

axonal transport, motor proteins

walk microtubes along the inside of the axon, between the cell body and axon terminal

myelin

insulation made of lipids, prevent AP decay, rich in sodium to rejuvenate AP, salsatory conduction

nodes of ranvier

uninsulated patch of axonal membrane, remain exposed

brain stem structures

medulla

frontal lobe functions

higher order, decision making, thought/plan/regulate, rational thought, motor control

parietal lobe functions

sensory, attention, representation of environment

occipital lobe functions

visual

temporal lobe functions

memory, language, auditory

limbic system

emotion, learning, memory

basal ganglia

motor control

amygdala

emotional regulation, memory, odor perception, memory

mammillary bodies, hippocampus, fornix

learning and memory

septal nuclei

reward and reinforcement, learning

cingulate gyrus

direction and attention

olfactory bulb

smell

stria terminalis

fiber pathway, connects amygdala to limbic system, motivated bx, integration of hormonal signals

central sulcus

separate frontal and parietal lobe

sylvian fissure

separates frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe

diencephalon structures

hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland

diencephalon functions

directs and regulates sensory information, feed, fight, flee, ****

midbrain (mesencephalon) structures

tectum- ceiling, superior colliculus - vision, inferior colliculus - audio

metencephalon

pons and cerebellum

pons functions

motor control, sensory nuclei, REM sleep

cerebellum functions

wrinkly, motor control, learning, balance, proprioception

vascular systems arteries

caratoid, internal caratoid, anterior and middle cerebral, posterior cerebral, vertebral, basilar