Bio K103 Final Exam Review

bohr effect

the shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve that occurs as a result of changes in carbon dioxide levels

chloride shift

movement of chlorine ions into or out of the red blood cell in the opposite

direction of the movement of bicarbonate ion

compliance

yielding to pressure without changing structure or function

concurrent

two media flowing in the same direction

countercurrent

two media flowing in opposite directions

haldane effect

the shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve that occurs as a result of pH changes

hypoxia

low levels of oxygen in the tissues and or blood

negative ventilation

using negative pressure to draw air or water over a respiratory surface

pleural cavity

fluid filled cavity in which the lungs are housed in the thorax

positive ventilation

forcing of air or water over a respiratory surface

spiracle

an external opening into the tracheal system of insects

blastula

hollow ball of developing cells that is one of the developmental stages of an embryo

blastopore

the first opening to the outside during embryonic development

acoelomate

lacking a coelom

psuedocoelomate

having a "false" coelom; the outer surface of the cavity is lined with mesoderm and the inner surface of the cavity is endoderm

cephalic

head

cephalization

development of a head

coelom

the space between the outer body wall and the digestive tract or digestive tube

spiral cleavage

cellular division occurs diagonally to the polar axis of the dividing cells

coelomate

having a "true" coelom; the inner and outer surfaces of the cavity are lined with mesoderm

radial cleavage

cellular division occurs at right angles or parallel to the polar axis of the dividing cells

diploblastic

having two germ layers; ectoderm and endoderm

eumetazoan

a true animal; animals that developed true tissues

ectoderm

exterior or outer germ layer; gives rise to skin and nervous system

deuterostome

an anus develops from the first opening during embryonic development, the blastopore

endoderm

inner germ layer; becomes the lining of the digestive tract (gastrodermis), lungs, and the bladder

mesoderm

middle germ layer; gives rise to most parts of the organism including connective tissue, bone, muscle, kidneys, and blood vessels

ecdysozoa

undergo ecdysis (molting) of exoskeleton

heterotroph

cannot synthesize own food from inorganic compounds so it is a consumer of raw materials produced by other organisms (producers)

germ layer

primary layer of cells that give rise to specific organismal structures

lophotrochozoa

animals having either a lophophore or a trochophore larva

bilateral symmetry

various body shapes; only a single plane through the midline produces mirror images

triploblastic

having all three germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

asymmetry

lacking any form of symmetry

zygote

produced by the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell

radial symmetry

cylindrical-shaped, tube-shaped or wheel body form; multiple longitudinal planes produce mirror images

marine habitat advantages

buoyancy, fluid balance, large food source

marine habitat disadvantages

hard to stay stationary, salinity

freshwater habitat advantage

oxygen is more soluble and available

freshwater habitat disadvantages

fluid balance, food, adaptations required for surviving variations (oxygen, temperature, turbidity, volume)

terrestrial habitat advantage

no water

terrestrial habitat disadvantages

desiccation, gravity in absence of buoyancy, temperature extreme

clade bilateria

animals with bilateral symmetry; body axes at right angles to one another to dissect the body; protostomia and dueterostomia

protostomia

blastopore forms mouth first

deuterostomia

blastopore forms anus first

clade radiata

animals with radial symmetry; body surface either oral or aboral; lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa

lophopore

ciliated ring around mouth

throchopore

ciliated larva

examples of protostomes

mollusks, annelids, arthropods

examples of deuterostomes

echinoderms and chordates (includes vertebrates)

is the diffusion rate slower in air or water?

water

are O2 concentrations higher in air or water?

air

which respiratory medium has a higher viscosity and requires more energy during transfer?

water

endosymbiont

an organism that lives in or on another

coacervate

a specific type of protobiont containing enzymes used for more complex synthesis

endomembranous theory

single membrane organelles originated by budding off the internal surface of the plasma membrane

endosymbiosis theory

double membrane organelles arose from a symbiotic relationship in which the endosymbiont living inside the cell lost its autonomy and became incorporated as an organelle within that cell

microsphere

one type of protobiont; produced by adding water to abiotically formed polypeptides

protobiont

a vesicle of abiotically produced polymers

autotroph

an organism capable of producing its own organic compounds from inorganic materials

describe the early conditions on earth and requirements for life to begin

small organic molecules first formed spontaneously and accumulated over time and large organic macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids could have assembled from smaller molecules; little or no free oxygen, a source of energy, the availability of chemical building blocks, and time

miller-urey experiment

hypothesizes that the earth's early atmosphere could produce amino acids from inorganic molecules; could be used to investigate the synthesis of organic molecules

microspheres

spherical in shape and are composed of many protein molecules that are organized as a membrane

coacervates

aggregate of organic molecules form sphere, electrostatic forces hold molecules together , closest structure to a cell

polyp

one of two body forms of cnidarians

auricle

an ear-like flap that is involved in chemical detection and not sound reception

bivalve

organisms that have two connected halves to the shell such as clams; each half is called a valve

definitive host

organism in which the parasite passes through sexual development; site of sexual reproduction

medusa

one of two body forms of cnidarians (jellyfish form)

annulus

rings seen on the surface of some organisms such as leeches or earthworms

cnidocyte

specialized cell found in cnidarians that is used in feeding and protection

eyespot

light sensing structure that lacks a lens so not thought to form an image

nerve net

net-like formation of nerves

dioecious

having separate males and females

mantle

sheet of epithelial tissue that covers the visceral mass (internal organs) in mollusks

intermediate host

organism in which the parasite passes through the asexual stage of development; site of asexual reproduction

gastrovascular cavity

central cavity in which digestion occurs; it has a mouth only and no anus

monoecious

having both male and female reproductive structures on the same organism

choanocyte

flagellated "feeding cell" found in sponges, also called collar cell

poriferans

phylum containing the sponges

parazoa

animals that did not develop true tissues (sponges)

amoeboid cell

gives rise to all cells and the skeleton of a sponge, also transport food

mesophyll

gelatin-like layer between the two surfaces of a sponge

platyhelminthes

phylum containing the flat worms

osculum

opening by which water flows out from the central cavity (spongocoel) of a sponge

proglottid

individual body segment of cestodes, tapeworms

radula

a belt of teeth (chiton) in the mouth of some mollusks, used to scrape the substrate or make a hole in a shell

spongocoel

centrally located cavity in a sponge (not involved in digestion)

protonephridia

one of several types of structures that function in osmoregulation, it has flame cells with cilia on the internal end where the fluid is collected from the interstitium

spicule

scolex

anterior end of a cestode (tapeworm) on which the holdfast structures (attachment structures) used to attach to the host's intestine are located

visceral mass

internal organs

seta

a stiff hair-like structure, bristle, it can be found on the outside of the individual segments of an earthworm

syncytium

a multinucleated cell arising from the fusion of individual cells or the specialize connection via gap junctions as seen in the heart muscle

******septum

a dividing "wall"

dessicate

dry out from lack of water (hydration)

endothermic

animal whose body heat is maintained independent of the external temperature

ectothermic

animal whose body heat goes up and down with changes in the external environmental temperature, "cold blooded"

arboreal

living in the trees

cloaca

common exit point shared by reproductive, excretory and digestive systems (literal translation is sewer)