Empire and the emergence of powers

Charecteristics of new imperialism

• Georgraphic scope

• Maintaining peaceful relations in Europe

• expansion

Factors enabling new imperialism

• medical advancements

• technological and communication advancements

• opposition to slavery

• Social Darwinism

• The desire for eonomic growth and competition

• Christian missions

Impact on Africa (‘positives’)

• developed systems of government and administration

• railways, roads, telegraph wites

• education system

• western medicine

• new cash crop and agriculture metjods

• water sanitation systems

impact on Africa (negatives)

• Europeans had no geographic or cultural knowledge about Africa

• borders led to ethnic disputes

• local chiefs/kings killed or exiled

• used as cheap, exploited labourers

• racial discrimination

• resistance had harsh consequences

• stripped of resources

• Borders were inconsistent

Traits associated with imperialism

• nationalism

• patriotism

• excitement about exploration

The Moroccan Crisis 1905

• Wilhelm ii becomes Kaiser in Germany

• policy of Weltpolitik

• aims to make Germany a world power through aggressive foreign policies

• Britan and France sign Entende Cordiale which developed into an alliance after Germany invades Morocco in 1905

• Wilhelm did not acknowledge France's occupation in Morocco and demands a conference to discuss Moroccos future and the resignation of the French Foreign Minister

• Majority of states are in favour of France's occupation but Germany disputes this which built resentment

• possibly of war

The Moroccan Crisis 1911

• French troops sent to put down a revolt in Fez - goes against international agreements

• Germany protests this by dispatching a gunboat (Panther) to intimate France in the port of Agadir

• France establishes a protectorate in Morocco

• Brink of war

• Britain condemned Germany

• Germany given part of the French Congo to resolve the conflict

British support of colonial expansion

• british empire was a symbol of power

• intrigued factory workers with mundane lives

• racial superiority

• propaganda in education

• newspapers and literature were pro imperialist

criticism of new imperialism

• some christian missionaries thought african expansion should be philanthropic not commercial.

• radical liberals and independent labour party believed in respecting the rights of Africans

• Anglo-Boer war caused a movement against new imperialism and the extreme patriotism it brought on

• Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

• John Hobson argued that is harmed Britain economically and politically

• finances were aides by '“harpies” who received benefits

• propaganda was corrupting the publics minds

• Nation paid for the cost of imperialism in resources and lives

French support for colonial expansion

• humiliated after Waterloo and in Sedan

• desire to restore greatness

• Parliament’s and the Press’s opinion shifted with the political climate

• Socialist party supported ‘peaceful expansion’

• patriotism in education

• The idea that patriotism would make French wealthier, and that the government would be enabled to help the lower class

German support for colonial expansion

• newspaper propaganda

• Otto van Bismarck established German colonies late

• supported by political parties

• Nationalist organisations grew

• desire for global recognition

• missionaries

the impact of imperial expansion on international relations

• Britain and France - occupation of Egypt

• Anglo-Boer war

• Britain and France -conflict in Sudan. Both countries claimed Sufan

• The Moroccan Crisis (1905 and 1911) - Wilhelm ii took over from Bismarck and had a more aggressive foreign policy. Tried to take Morocco from france which led to resentment.

The Treaty of Vereeniging 1902

• Ends Boer War

• Boer Republics to surrender and accept British sovereignty

• Promised a future self-government

• general amnesty

• funds to rebuild war-torn territories

• excluded African rights

• Free State and Transvaal under British control

Disputes over China

• British opium wars

• America's open-door policy

• the boxer rebellion

Japan in the 19th century

• underdeveloped

• bartering based economy

• Hostile towards any attempts to establish international trade

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Why did the USA want trading rights in Japan?

• they needed more markets to compensate for their expanding industrial output

• Wanted access to Japanese harbours for their fleets

• Japan had treated American shipwrecked soldiers harshly in 1849

Emperor Matsushito and the Meiji Government

• strong centralised administration

• industries developed and set by government

Growth of military strength in Japan

• compulsory service for adults

• 1/3 national budget spent on army and navy (funded by trade exports)

• by 1814 japan had 28 modern warships

Tests of Japanese military strength

• first Sino-Japanese war

• Russian wanted the Chinese port Arthur -The triple intervention.

• Russia invaded Manchuria -After Anglo-Japanese Alliance they moved in on troops and defeated Russia in one day

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902

• Japan is now formally a global power

• Safeguard Britians interests in China, and Japans in Korea

• Britian/Japan would remain neutral during conflict until a third power defense comes in

Manifest Destiny concept

• US expansion in North Pacific was logical and inevitable

• access to US nationalism and freedom was desired

• they had a divine right to expansion (duty to spread christianity)

• to prevent Europe colonising North American territories

The Monroe Doctrine 1823

• The USA would not interfere with European affairs. Any attempts to interfere with American affairs would be treated ws an act of aggression

Why did the USA start to expand overseas?

• huge growth in industry

• raw materials

• need for international markets

• Protectionism in European markets

• Interests in China

The Impact on war with Spain on the USA

• USA became an imperial power after winning territories

• Dollar diplomacy

• Confident enough to pursue other interests

• Control over the Philippines gave them influence over international affairs

Policies to expand American influence

• Control over the Panama Canal

• Platt amendment (Cuba)

• Roosevelt Collorary added to the Monroe Doctrine -would intervene if a Caribbean state was thteeatened

effects of the USA'S involvement in WW1

• navy defeated German U-boats and allowed vital supplies to reach allies

• soldier numbers

• Wilsons influence in the Treaty of Versailles

• The League of Nations

The Treaty of Berlin

• must prove that a territory is effectively occupied, and inform other governments of its claim.

• disputed settled by negotiations not war

• Created borders that completely ignored African cultures and languages

• African leaders were not consulted