Speech and Hearing Test 1

Three Subsystems of Speech

resonatory system, phonatory system, respiratory system

Inertia

resistance of a physical object to a change in it's state of motion

Elasticity

describe the degree to which a material returns to it's original shape after it has been deformed by an external force

Recoil Force

stored energy resulting from the displacement of an elastic object from it's rest position (also called restoring force)

Brownian Motion

resting position, but still in motion

Force

influence that caused an object to undergo a change in speech, direction, or shape

Displacement

movement away from resting position, the generation of a restoring force

Sound Wave

the movement (propagation) of a disturbance through a material medium, such as air, without permanent displacement of the particles themselves

Simple Harmonic Motion

a periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement (think of a swing for instance)

What is the difference between inertia and restoring/recoil force?

inertia is the resistance to a change in direction, while restoring/recoil force is the force that gives rise to equilibrium in a physical state.

When is restoring/recoil force strongest?

when inertia is weakest

When is inertia the strongest?

when the restoring/recoil force is weakest

What does a decrease in air molecules lead to for pressure?

a decrease in pressure that can go below Patmos

Compression

area of positive pressure from when molecules approach and collide

Rarefaction

area of low pressure, decreased density of air

Propagation

changes in pressure continue in a wavelike motion that travels from the source of the sound

Acoustics

study of sound

Sound

the movement of air molecules from a high to low pressure

How does a pressure wave move?

from a state of high pressure to a state of low pressure

Pure Tone Characteristics of SHM

pattern of vibration repeats itself = periodic

Periodic

each cycle takes the same amount of time (the period is constant); frequency (determine by period) is also constant

Period (T)

the time it takes to complete one cycle of motion of the molecule throughout the vibratory cycle

Frequency

number of cycles per second; shown through Hz

Equation for Frequency

f = 1/T

As frequency increase, what happens to the period?

the period decreases (longer period = lower frequency)

Frequency vs Period

frequency = 1/period ; period = 1/frequency

Pitch

the subjective quality primarily related to frequency

Wavelength

measurement of spatial variation of a pressure wave; distance covered by one complete cycle; inverse relationship to frequency (higher the frequency, shorter the wavelength)

Simple Waves

if cycles repeat themselves in a predictable fashion, the wave is periodic (simple)

Complex Waves

characterized by two or more frequencies; occur when waves of different frequencies combine (interfere) with each other; adding periodic sounds may yield a complex periodic sound; determined by the rate pf repetition of the waveform pattern

Waveform vs Spectrum

waveform displays show an acoustic event in the time domain (amplitude and frequencies across time); spectrum displays an acoustic event in the frequency domain (individual frequencies and amplitude at any given time)

Resonance

phenomenon whereby an object vibrates with maximum energy at a particular frequency

Natural Frequency

the frequency at which an object vibrates freely; determined by the objects length, density, tension, stiffness

Resonant Frequency

the frequency is independent of amplitude

Acoustic Resonator

something that contains air (like a vocal tract); frequency is dependent on the size of the air filled cavity; shape of the air cavity is not as important as the volume when determining frequency

Tube Resonance

a symmetrical tube will have a narrow bandwidth; an irregular shaped tube will have a wider bandwidth

Bandwidth

range of frequencies that a resonator will respond to

Planes of Reference: Anterior

front

Planes of Reference: Posterior

back

Planes of Reference: Superior

top

Planes of Reference: Inferior

bottom

Thoracic Cavity

bones/cartilage that protects lungs/airways, which make up respiratory system

Cervical (7)

C1-C7 ; makes up the neck portion of the spine

Thoracic (12)

T1-T12 ; middle section of the spine, located between the base of the neck and the bottom of the ribs

Lumbar (5)

L1-L5 ; lower back, made up of five vertebrae that support the body's weight, protect the spinal cord, and allow for a wide range of motion

Sacral (5)

S1-S5 ; below the lumbar spine and above the tailbone, arranged in a triangular shape

Coccygeal (5)

the last bone at the bottom of the spine, made of 5 fused vertebrae; also known as the tailbone

How many vertebrae form the back bone of the torso?

34 vertebrae, all of which are stacked on top of one another

Spinous Process

a bony projection on the back of each vertebrae in the spine that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments

How many ribs make up the rib cage?

12 total ribs, with the middle ribs being larger than the upper and lower ribs

What are the parts that compose a singular rib?

neck, head, costal groove (blood vessels and nerves run), costal angle (curvature of rib as it bends in two directions (twisted)

What does the head of the ribs connect to?

the body of the thoracic vertebrae

What does the neck of the ribs connect to?

the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

What ribs are connected to the sternum?

ribs R1-R10 are connected to the sternum (breastbone) with a synovial joint, while ribs R11 and R12 are "floating ribs" that are not connected to the sternum

External Intercostals

stronger than internal, play a large role in expanding the rib cage (elevating them), origin is the rib immediately above, insertion is the rib immediately below, contraction causes the rib where the insertion is made to elevate

Internal Intercostals

originates from the rib below (upper ridge) and inserts into the rib above, assist in lowering the ribs (portion between bone) along the lateral and posterior walls (play a large role in forced expiration), also assist in adding rigidity during respiration

Diaphragm

single muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen, one of the largest muscles in our body, bi-domed in shape

Diaphragm Three Points of Origin

xiphoid process, lowermost six ribs, L1-L3

What happens during inhalation?

the ribs expand as rib muscles contract, and the diaphragm contracts (moves down)

What happens during exhalation?

rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax, and the diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

Four Main Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus

Rectus Abdominus

fibers course vertically from the lower abdomen to the xiphoid process and from R5-R7 ; compresses the anterior abdominal wall

Transverse Abdominus

runs horizontally from the inner surfaces of R6-R12, the diaphragm and transverse thoracic to the pelvic bone ; compresses the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen

When both the rectus abdominus and transverse abdominus contract, what is the body allowed to do?

when both muscles contract, the body is allowed to bend

Internal Oblique

extends from the lower ribs to the pelvis, plays a role in forced expiration

External Oblique

extends from lower ribs, around and down to the pelvis, plays a role in forced expiration

Lung Volume

amount of air in the lungs at a given time and how much of that air is used for various purposes (tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume)

Tidal Volume (TV)

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration ; TV varies and depends on age, build, and degree of physical activity

TV for Adult Males

600-750ml at rest, 2030ml during physical activity

TV for Females

450ml at rest

TV for Children

200-400ml at rest

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

amount of air that can be inhaled above TV ; adults range from 1500 to 2500ml ; used for speaking to obtain more air if needed

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

amount of air that can be exhaled below TV; it is possible to continue exhaling, utilizing abdominal muscles; adults range from 1000 to 2000ml

Residual Volume

lung tissue is always slightly stretched because of pleural linkage; always some air pressure in lungs; 1000 to 1500ml in adults; can never be expired

Dead Air

inhaled, but not involved in gas exchange

Vital Capacity

combination of TV, IRV, and ERV ; maximum amount of air that a person can exhale after having inhaled as deeply as possible

Lung Capacity

how much oxygen the lungs can take in and out

Alveolar Pressure

force distributed within the lungs at any given time

Volume of Air Expended: Restful Breathing

use only 10% of VC

Volume of Air Expended: Conversational Speech

use about 20-35% of VC

Volume of Air Expended: Loud Speech

use about 40-45% of VC

Muscles Responsible for Restful Breathing During Inhalation

primary muscles = diaphragm, external intercostals ; accessory muscles = ventral/dorsal thoracic muscles, abdominal muscles

Muscles Responsible for Restful Breathing During Exhalation

none, passive recoil occurs

Muscular Activity and Pressure Changes During Restful Breathing: Inhalation

Palv must decrease so air will be forced to flow into the lungs (contracting diaphragm, increasing the vertical dimension of the thorax); ribs elevate due to external intercostal muscles contracting, cartilages twist to aid in elevation, vertebrae acts as a leverage; lungs expand to fill the space; as lungs expand, the Palv falls below atmospheric pressure and air flows in

Exhalation During Tidal Breathing

Palv must be higher than Patmos, volume of the lungs must decrease, diaphragm relaxes back to its dome-shaped position, decreasing the vertical dimension of the thorax, external intercostal muscles relax, rib cage returns to its original position, air carrying CO2 is brought to alveoli via the blood stream

Passive Expiration in Quiet Breathing

relaxation of the respiratory muscles causes air to rush out due to 3 passive forces (elastic recoil of lungs and ribcage, force of the untwisting of the cartilages next to sternum, gravity)

Inhalation During Restful Breathing

controlled involuntary through a network of neurons in the medulla, cortical or limbic systems can override brainstem control

What respiratory muscles are active when sustaining a vowel sound during both inhalation and exhalation?

diaphragm, external intercostals, ventral/dorsal thoracic muscles

Obstructive Respiratory Problems

narrowing or blockage of the airway (tumor, asthma, GERD)

Restrictive Respiratory Problems

lung expansion is restricted, reduced lung volume (muscular problems, lung cancer, obesity)

Central Respiratory Problems

neurological dysfunction in brain areas controlling respiration (Parkinson's, Huntington's)

Pulmonary Function Tests

tests that assess the amount of air an individual is able to inhale and exhale and the efficiency of air flow ; spirometry measures the amount and speed of airflow

Respiratory Belt

elastic band positioned around thoracic cavity and as someone breathes in and out and the thoracic cavity expands, the changes in their breathing send electrical charges through the belt, that measure breathing patterns

Parkinson's Disease

degeneration of dopamine in the substantia nigra, disorder affects motor control including the initiation, coordination, and termination of voluntary movement

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

injury to part of the spinal cord that supplies nerve impulses to the muscles of respiration, and results in reduced loudness, imprecise coordination, short breath groups, slow inspirations