Digestive system

Entry point of the digestive tract

Oral cavity (mouth)

Muscular tube connecting mouth to esophagus

Pharynx (throat)

Glands producing digestive enzymes and saliva

Salivary glands

Tube connecting pharynx to stomach

Esophagus

Organ for chemical and mechanical digestion

Stomach

Accessory organ producing bile

Liver

Organ storing bile

Gallbladder

Gland secreting digestive enzymes and hormones

Pancreas

Primary site of nutrient absorption

Small intestine

Organ absorbing water and forming waste

Large intestine

Small pouch connected to the cecum

Appendix

Final straight portion of the large intestine

Rectum

Terminal opening of the digestive tract

Anus

_________ is the consumption of solid or

liquid food, usually through the mouth. __________ is chewing.

Ingestion and mastication

____________ is the movement of food from one

end of the digestive tract to the other. __________ is the movement of food

back and forth in the digestive tract, which incorporates the digestive

system’s many secretions into the food.

Propulsion and mixing

______ is the breakdown of large organic

molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Digestion

occurs through mechanical and chemical means. __________ is the

addition of liquids, enzymes, and mucus to the ingested food.

Digestion and secretion

____________ is the movement of molecules out of the

digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system. The epithelialcells that line the lumen of the small intestine absorb the small

molecules of nutrients (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids,

vitamins, minerals, and water) that result from the digestive process.

Absorption

_____________ is the removal of undigested material, such

as fiber from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces.

Elimination

The nerve network located between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

Myenteric plexus

The nerve network located in the submucosa regulating secretions and local blood flow

Submucosal plexus

The network of nerves supplying the gastrointestinal tract

Enteric plexus

Vascular structures supplying blood to and from the intestinal wall

Blood vessels

Channels transporting lymph and absorbed fats through the mesentery

Lymphatic vessel

Nerve fibers carrying sensory and motor signals through the mesentery

Nerve

A double layer of peritoneum that attaches organs to the posterior abdominal wall

Mesentery

An exocrine gland located within the submucosal layer

Gland in submucosa

Channels transporting secretions from submucosal glands to the mucosal surface

Ducts from glands

A small mass of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa providing immune defense

Lymphatic nodule

A tubular gland structure extending into the mucosa

Intestinal gland

The innermost mucous membrane layer lining the lumen of the digestive tract

Mucosa (mucous membrane)

The primary functional mucosa boundary layer consisting of the luminal cellular lining and its supporting vascular connective tissue base.

Epithelium, Lamina propria

The vascular connective tissue layer beneath the mucosa containing larger blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers.

Submucosa

The thin, outer smooth muscle layer of the mucosa that produces local movements of the mucosal surface to aid digestion and absorption

Muscularis mucosae

The primary muscular coat of the gastrointestinal tract responsible for segmentation and peristaltic propulsion.

Muscularis

The inner smooth muscle sub-layer of the muscularis that constricts the lumen upon contraction.

Circular muscle layer

The outer smooth muscle sub-layer of the muscularis that shortens the tube length during propulsion.

Longitudinal muscle layer

The outermost serous membrane covering intraperitoneal organs, consisting of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium.

Serosa (serous membrane; visceral peritoneum)

The internal sub-layer of the serosa providing structural anchorage for the mesothelium.

Connective tissue layer

The outermost single layer of flattened mesothelial cells forming the smooth, lubricating outer surface of the serosa.

Simple squamous epithelium

Cribriform plate

Superior concha

Middle concha

Inferior concha

Vestibule

Naris

Nasal cavity

Hard palate

Oral cavity

Tongue

Palatine tonsil

Lingual tonsil

Hyoid bone

Epiglottis

Vestibular fold

Vocal fold

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Trachea

Frontal sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

Paranasal sinuses

Superior meatus

Middle meatus

Inferior meatus

Choana

Pharyngeal tonsil

Opening of auditory tube

Nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Soft palate

Uvula

Fauces

Oropharynx

Pharynx

Esophagus

Transverse colon

Right colic flexure

acending colon

Ileum

Iliocecal valve

Cecum

Ileocecal junction

Teniae coli

Jejunum

Ileum

Left colic flexure

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Appendix

Artery

Hepatic portal vein

Common Bile Duct

Deodenum

Pancreas

Duodenum

Minor duodenal papilla

Major duodenal papilla

Pancreatic duct

Pancreas

Esophagus