lecture 7 (outline nine)

Acute stress activates what gland

Adrenal gland: produces adrenaline. Pupils and airways dilate.

Another stress hormone produced by adrenal gland

Cortisol. Produced in adrenal cortex, named after cortex

Cholesterol is

Essential. It keeps lipid bilayer stiff, every cell in your body has a plasma membrane dependent on cholesterol.

It’s a precursor to steroid hormones.

Cortisol derives from

Cholesterol, therefore it’s a steroid hormone.

Downside of cortisol

Stress can inhibit your growth and inhibit your immunes system. Positive: it helps you get through stress

Is vitamin d a vitamin or hormone

Both. Organic molecule that your cells can’t make, you have to eat it to get it. Or its created when UV light hits the skin.

If you don’t have vitamin d

Not enough calcium will be withdrawn from small intestine into bloodstream and it can stunt your growth

Without vitamin c

You cant finish the synthesis of collagen, so your bones will be brittle. Your arteries will start to leak without vitamin c. You can also get scurvy (teeth fall out).

Growth hormone (Somatotropin)

Synthesized/Secreted by the Pituitary. Direct and indirect effects on bone growth. It’s necessary but not sufficient and its effects are indirect.

Insulin-like growth factor 1

-Secreted by the liver-major target is the epiphyseal plate. Goes into bloodstream binds to hormone receptors on liver cells and stimulates the cells to secrete 1GF1.

How many thyroid hormones is there

Thyroid takes two tyrosine and condenses them and binds them to an element called iodine. So there’s 2 thyroid hormones -one has four iodines attached and the other has 3 attached

Thyroid hormones

Role in linear bone growth and growth/development of the brain.

Too much: Less sleep, hyperactive, not be able to maintain weight

Not enough: sleep too long, have trouble loosing weight

Gonadal Sex hormones (estrogen and

testosterone)

Stimulate the epiphyseal growth plates initially, but later diminish epiphyseal plate activity and ultimate closure of the plate.

Why are boys taller than girls within their family

Testerone is stronger at stimulating The epiphyseal plate on average and for a longer time

Similarities and differences of gonadal sex hormones

Similarities: They both promote closure after a time

Differences: estrogen is more aggressive about stimulating the epeiphyseal plate growth plate closure sooner. Testosterone is lazier so guys can continue to grow until 17-20.

Hormones that regulate growth include

Growth hormone (Somatotropin),

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)

Thyroid hormones

Gonadal Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

What is the master gland

Pituitary gland: controls other hormones. BUT it can be controlled/mastered by the brain

Two hormones the brain produces

1. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (produced at the hypothalamus)

2. Growth hormone releasing hormone (accelerator)

Both produced by hypothalamus, go through micro circulation, and affects the pituitary gland.

Testosterone/estrogen is a

Ketone

Pituitary gland is the size of a

green pea and it’s attached to the hypothalamus . Hypothalamus (mad of nucleus and nuclei and make up the thermostat of the body).

On a daily basis you release 51,11

A pulse of growth hormone

Liver ( 2nd largest organ of body) has cells called 52.58

Hepatocytes

Where do growth factors go into

They go into interesting fluid (not blood) and stimulate surrounding cells, this is called the paracrine effect.

Thyroid hormone is going to accentuate

The synthesis and secretion of the growth hormone from the pituitary gland. It’ll also stimulate growth hormones and the liver to produce IGF1. It’ll improve effect of IGF1 on epiphyseal plate.

What hormone is important in infancy

Thyroid hormone ; without it we have stunted growth and an intellectual disability.

What’s attached to the lateral portion of the thyroid gland

4 parathyroid glands