Anatomy Exam 3 Review Material

Mucus

Covers epithelium + trapped debris in nasal cavity

Vibrissae

Protective hairs lines opening to nasal cavity

Nasal conchae

Bony ridges that cause air turbulence, assists w/ cleansing air

Paranasal sinuses (PCC)

Airfilled cavities that lighten the skull, warm + moisten air, having single opening into nasal cavity

Lined by (epi)

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary

Nasal meatus

Opening for sinus into nasal cavity

Nasal septum

Bone + cartilage structure that separates nasal cavity in half

Nasopharynx

Region/regions of pharynx lined by PCC

External respiration

Occurs b/n alveolar air + pulmonary capillary blood in the lungs

PCC

Epithelium of thyroid, cricoid, aryetenoid

Epiglottis (strat squam)

Covers larynx when swallowing food (epithelium?)

True vocal folds

Elastic fibers covered by mucosa + suspended b/n thyroid + arytenoid cartilage

False vocal folds

Folds of mucosa that support vocal folds, located superiorly

Type 2

Alveolus cells that produce surfactant to reduce surface tension

Simple squamous

Epithelium of respiratory membrane

Inspiration

Diaphragm contracts + moves down, external intercostals contracts, P in lungs dec

Expiration

Diaphragm relaxes + moves up, P inc

R ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, L atrium

Pulmonary circuit

L ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava, R atrium

Systemic circuit

SA node, internodal pathway, AV node, AV bundle (his), R + L branches, purkinje fibers

Electrical conduction pathway of heart

Plasma

55% blood volume (mostly water), contains dissolved solutes + proteins (albumin, fibrinogen)

Erythrocytes

45% of blood, rbc, no nucleus or organelles

Buffy coat

1% of blood, leukocytes (WBC) + platelets

Arteries

Takes ox blood away from heart

Veins

Brings deox blood to heart

Tunica intima

Consists of endothelium (simple squam) + subendoepithelial layer (loose areolar)

Forms the valves in veins

Tunica media

Smooth muscle arranged circularly allowing for vasoconstriction

Thicker w/ more elastin in arteries

Tunica externa

Outermost layer of blood vessel, loose areolar CT

Elastic arteries

Closest to heart, thickest walls, recoil

Muscular arteries

Thickest tunica media, adjust blood distribution

Arterioles

Lacks tunica externa, regulates blood flow into capillaries

Venules

Collects blood from capillaries, only tunica externa + endothelium

Large veins

Returns blood from large body regions towards heart

Plasma

Becomes interstitial fluid when it leaks out blood capillaries

Blood capillaries, ISF, lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunk, ducts, blood

Lymphatic circulation

Veins

Structure of cardiovascular system most similar to lymphatic vessels bc they’re both L pressure systems that use valves to maintain flow direction

Outer cortex + medulla

Each lymph node has an ___ + _____

Elephatiasis

Extreme form of lymphedema caused by a parasite

Astrocytes

Nourish neurons w/ glucose by transferring glucose from capillaries to neurons

Remove excess neurotransmitters from extracellular space

Axosomatic

Presynaptic axon to postsynaptic cell body

Interneuron

Cells part of CNS, processing of sensory input + activation of motor output

Midbrain

Visual + auditory reflexes, temp regulation, motor function

Mesencephalon

Thalamus

Sensory information processing

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus

Visceral control center

Hunger/thirst, smooth muscle, body temp

Diencephalon

Epithalamus

Pineal gland secretes melatonin

Diencephalon

Pons

Regulates rate of respiration + connects cerebrum to cerebellum

Metencephalon

Cerebellum

Aids in muscle coordination (balance, planned movements, body part locations)

Metencephalon

Cerebrum

H level functioning such as voluntary movement, conscious thought, info processing

Telencephalon

Medulla oblongata

Controls life-supporting functions including breathing rate, heart rate, BP regulation

Myencephalon

CSF

Filters out waste products + nourishes tissues w/i brain

White matter

Myelinated axons + forms fiber tracts in brain as well as outer layer of spinal cord

Gray matter

Unmyelinated axons, dendrites, cell bodies, supporting cells, forms outer cortex + nuclein in brain as well as inner layer of spinal cord

Visceral motor

Regualte smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Nasal bones, hyaline cartilage, dense CT

Support structures of the external nose

Multiple Scelorisis (oligodendrocytes)

Gradually destructs myelin sheaths which disrupts action potential + motor/sensory problems develop over time (cell affected)

Hyaline

Cartilage that forms the tracheal rings

Right

Primary bronchus more likely to receive an aspired object due to being wider, shorter, + more vertical

Carina

Triggers the cough reflex when irritated

Alveoli

Breaks down + forms larger air pockets due to emphysema

Basal nuclei

Regulates intensity of movements + muscle tones

Cerebellum

Smooths + coordinates voluntary movements

Internal respiration

Occurs b/n systemic capillaries + body tissues

Ventilation

Occurs in respiratory airways (air moves into + out of lungs)

Bronchial ashtma

Constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles

Bronchioles

Lack cartilage rings as compared to trachea + larger bronchi

Mucus + enzymes

Secretions of glands in lamina propria of nasal cavity

Oropharynx

Location of palatine tonsils

Nasopharynx

Location of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Fibroelastic CT

Allows trachea to remain flexible + connects cartilage rings

Trachealis muscle

Smooth muscle completing the posterior portion of the trachea

Simple cuboidal

Epithelium of terminal bronchioles

SA node, AV node

Initiates impulse, delays impulse, distributes impulse

Elastic lamina

Muscular arteries have 2 elastic lamina b/n the 3 layers of tunic

Vaso vasorum

Small blood vessels that supply walls of large blood vessels, found primarily in the tunica externa

Metaarterioles and thoroughfare channels

Closed precapillary sphincters d/n necessarily stop all blood flow, blood can pass through ______

Homonculus (primary motor + primary somatosensory)

Body map showing how different body regions are represented in the cerebral cortex (regions)

Lateralization

L (language) + R (visuospatial) cerebral hemispheres are specialized for different functions

Sympathetic

ANS division mobilizes body during an emergency

Ventricular filling, AV open, SU closed

Phase 1 of cardiac cycle, blood flows from atria into relaxed ventricles

Atrial systole, AV open, SU closed

Phase 2 of cardiac cycle, atria contract to complete ventricular filling

Isovolumetric contraction, valves closed

Phase 3 of cardiac cycle, ventricles begin contracting, P rises

Ventricular ejection, AV closed, SU open

Phase 4 of cardiac cycle, blood is pumped into aorta + pulmonary trunk

Isovolumetric relaxation, valves closed

Phase 5 of cardiac cycle, ventricles relax + P falls

AV valves

Open when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

SU valves

Open when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

Antibodies

Proteins in plasma that recognize specific antigens, target the antigens that one d/n have

Rh factor

Rh-positive means you have the Rh(D) antigen on your red blood cells

Rh, Anti-A + Anti-B

Antigens of O+ blood type, antibodies of O+ blood type