Unit 2 Chemistry

Atoms

Basic unit of matter

Elements

Different types of atoms

Main elements found in living things?

C, H, O, N, P, S - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

Atomic number means?

Number of protons an atom has

Parts of an atom are called…

Particles

Ions are formed when…

An atoms gain or lose electrons

If an atom gains an electron it becomes..

negative ion

If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a __________.

Positive ion

Parts of an atom are

Proton, neutron, electron, nucleus

A proton has 1 _____ charge.

Positive

An electron has 1 _____ charge

Negative

A neutron has ______ charge

no charge (neutral)

A molecule is…

Two or more atoms (not necessarily having to be the same or different) held together by chemical bonds

A compound is…

A molecule containing 2 or more different types of atoms (atoms HAVE to be different)

Golden rule!

All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds

Example of molecule…

Oxygen gas or O2

Examples of compound…

CO2

Types of chemical bonds…

Ionic bond and covalent bond

Ionic bond

An atom completely steals or transfers an electron from a different atom, making one atom positive and the other negative making them strongly attracted. Or: an attraction is formed between oppositely charged ions. Or: when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent bond

When atoms share a pair of electrons

polar covalent bond (remember! Covalent is atoms sharing electron)

Electrons are shared unequally - molecule has slightly charged regions (there is stronger attraction/pull)

nonpolar covalent bond

Electrons are shared equally (equal pull/attraction)

hydrogen bond form…

Between different molecules

Hydrogen bonds are a weak attraction between…

A partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen atom on another molecule

Say what type of bond is happening between oxygen and hydrogen, and the ion (like partially negative or partially positive) and why

Hydrogen bond is the _____ bond

Weakest

Ionic bond is the ______ bond

Strongest

covelant bond is the ______ bond

Middle level strength

A solution is formed…

When one substance dissolves in another

Solvent (what usually is the solvent?)

What does the dissolving (usually water)

Solute (amount compared to solvent)

What gets dissolved (usually smaller amount than solvent)

Quote about solutions?

"Like dissolves like"

Relating to "like dissolves like", _____ substances dissolve in other _____ substances?

Polar substances dissolves in other polar substances. Non polar substances dissolves in other non polar substances.

Hydrophobic

Water tearing, repels water

Example of hydrophobic

Oil

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Example(s) of hydrophilic

Salt, sugar

Specific Heat

Amount of heat energy required to raise temp of a substance

Water has a ____ specific heat, meaning it ____ or ____ heat

High, holds, retains

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attraction between different substances

Adhesion is important in plants because it _____ H2O from roots to leaves

Transports

Ice floats because____

It is less dense than water

Water is a ____ solvent because it _______.

Great, attracts charged particles.

pH is_____

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is

Water is ____. pH is ____.

Neutral, 7

An ____ RELEASES hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

Acid

A ____ REMOVES hydrogen ions (H+) from a solution.

Base

An acid creates a pH ___ than 7

Less than

A base creates a pH ____ than 7

Greater than

Living organisms are composed of ____ compounds

Organic

Molecules build around the element…

Carbon

Carbon is able to create ____

4 strong covalent bond

It can build large ____ with a carbon _____

Macromolecules, backbone

What are the three general structures?

Straight chain, branched chain, ring

Macromolecules are…

molecules that are made of a very large number of atoms

Most macromolecules are…

Polymers

Polymers are

Large molecules made up of chains of smaller molecules

Monomers are

The small molecules that chain together to make polymers

4 major macromolecules are

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates can be

Broken down to provide energy for cells

Examples of carbohydrates

Sugar, starches

Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure (____)

Cellulose

What elements is carbohydrates made of?

C,H,O

The monomer for carbohydrates is called

Monosaccharides

What are the monosaccharides used for

Simple sugars, immediate energy

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose, galactose

What are the polymers of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

What are the polysaccharides used for

Short term energy storage

Examples of polysaccharides

Starch’s, cellulose, glycogen

Glucose shape?

Ring shaped

What is the top polymer?

Starch

What is the bottom polymer?

Cellulose

Cellulose is the ___ component of _____

Main, plant cell walls

Starch is the ____ in plants

Energy storage

Glycogen is the ____ energy storage (for animals)

Short term

Fill in the blanks and recognize(remember) the shape of each

Cellulose, plant. Starch, plant. Glycogen, animal.

Lipids are _____ (hydrophobic) _____

Non polar hydrophobic molecules

Lipids include…

Fats, oils, and cholesterol

Elements of lipids:

C, H, O, P

Fatty acids are

Carbon chains bonded to a molecule called glycerol

The different types of lipids are:

Triglyceride, phospholipid, and steroids/waxes

Name each lipid

Triglyceride, phospholipid, and steroids/waxes

The lipid triglyceride includes

Fats and oils

The chemical components of triglycerides are… (chains of ___ bonded to ___)

3 fatty acid tails and 1 glycerol molecule (chains of C carbon bonded to H hydrogen)

What is the use of triglycerides in living things

Long term energy storage and insulation

What are the two types of triglycerides

saturated and unsaturated

Saturated fats contain fatty acids in which all carbon-carbon bonds are ____ bonds

Single

Unsaturated fats have fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon ___ bond

Double

Which is healthier, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated fatty acids

Key thing to remember: anything with charge is ___

Polar

Phospholipids chemical components

Two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule, one phosphate group

What charge does the phosphate group have?

It has negative charge

Is the head of the phospholipid polar or non polar?

It is polar

Is the tails of the phospholipid polar or non polar?

Non polar

The cell membrane is made of two phospholipid layers - do the heads or tails stick out?

The heads are out to water because they are polar and like water, while the tails are inside because they are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Steroids are structurally different from other lipids - what structure does it have?

Ring structure

What is the most abundant steroid in the body?

Cholesterol

What is phospholipids uses in living things?

Forms semi-permeable membrane

What does cholesterol do?

Helps the body absorb fat and makes hormones (like testosterone, estrogen, etc)