LAB PRACTICAL 2 (URANKAR BMD 2 LAB)

Glucose is stored in the human body as

glycogen

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose?

glucagon

Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of

type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______.

when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes

In this experiment, optical density is measured using a

spectrophotometer

Using this assay, glucose concentration is

directly proportional to optical density

Embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid; secretes PTH

Parathyroid

produces melatonin

Pineal gland

Gonads containing hormone-secreting interstitial cells

Testes

Produces hormones that target the gonads, thyroid, and adrenal glands

anterior pituitary

Have follicles that produce estrogen and progesterone

ovaries

Has islets with a, b, o, cells that secrete hormones

Pancreas

Releases hormones when stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary

adrenal cortex

Organ in the mediastinum that makes hormones that assist in T lymphocyte maturation

Thymus

Center region that releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal medulla

Contains follicular cells that produce hormones to increase the basal metabolic rate

thyroid

Produces and secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones

hypothalamus

Secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

Oxygen is attached to _______.

an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin

The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is evaluated using _______.

hematocrit measurements and hemoglobin measurements

Release of which of the following hormones results in higher levels of erythrocytes?

testosterone and erythropoietin

Which type of anemia is a genetic disorder resulting in abnormally shaped erythrocytes?

sickle cell anemia

If a carbohydrate is attached to a phospholipid in the plasma membrane, we call that structure a(n)

glycolipid

If a carbohydrate is attached to a protein in the plasma membrane, we call that structure a(n)

glycoprotien

The clumping of cell-bound antigens and ____

into a lattice is called ____

antibodies; agglutination

The ABO blood types are determined by the presence or absence of glycoproteins called

antigens

If these glycoproteins are present in the blood we are trying to identify, we expect to find them located on the ____

of the ______ plasma membrane.

outer surface; red blood cell

Proteins that bind to specific antigens are called ____

which can be found in plasma and ___

antibodies; antisera

A person's ABO blood type can be determined in the laboratory by adding ____ to their blood sample and looking for the presence or absence of ____

antisera; agglutination

Antisera bottles contain

1. antibodies against a specific red blood cell antigen

2. antibodies against a specific red blood cell agglutinogen

A blood sample doesn't agglutinate in any of the three wells. Assuming no procedural errors occurred, which of the following blood types would be present?

Type O negative

If you forgot to add anti-A serum to the A well for a person with blood type A+

Upper A Superscript plus the result would likely show the following blood typing tray, which would lead to an incorrect identification of the person's blood type. What blood type would be incorrectly identified in this scenario?

Type O positive

Select all of the antibodies that could be present in type A-

(assume this person has been exposed to the Rh antigen).

Anti-B

Anti-Rh

If you accidentally added two different patient blood samples to each well of the same blood typing assay tray, but you added the correct antisera to the appropriate wells, which of the following would be the outcome, assuming that one of the patients is type A+ and the other patient is B-

The blood type result for neither patient would be correct.

AB negative needs a transfusion, what are all the possible blood types?

A negative, B negative, AB negative, O negative

Granules appear dark purple covering the nucleus

basophil

Agranulocyte; large, round nucleus

lymphocyte

Granules appear red; bilobed nucleus

eosinophil

Liquid portion of blood

plasma

Granulocyte; nucleus has 3 to 5 lobes

neutrophil

Cellular fragments; function in clotting

Thrombocyte

Agranulocyte; largest leukocyte

monocyte

Biconcave disc; transports gases

erythrocyte

Erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Red biconcave shape, anucleate, transports oxygen on hemoglobin

Leukocyte (white blood cell)

cells with nucleus that may have granules in cytoplasm; helps attack pathogens in body

plasma

fluid portion of blood, made of mostly water with diffused proteins, ions, gases, and wastes

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

tiny pieces of a larger cell that plug damaged vessels, stops blood loss

Composition of Whole blood

Top layer: Plasma

Middle layer: buffy coat, leukocytes, and platelets

Bottom layer: erythrocytes and hematocrit

Determining hematocrit

1) Place heparinized capillary tube into the blood

2) fill the tube 3 quarters full with blood

3) Seal the end with capillary tube sealer or clay

4) place the tube in a microhematocrit centrifuge

5) centrifuge the blood for 4-5 minutes

how EPO works to restore normal blood oxygen levels.

Hypoxia -- kidney releases EPO--EPO stimulates red bone marrow--enhanced erythropoiesis--RBC count increases--O2 carrying ability of blood increases--Blood Oxygen homeostasis

How would blood doping with EPO affect a patient's hematocrit?

Blood doping with EPO would raise a patient's hematocrit.

Agglutinogens are only found on the surface of red blood cells.

true

Antibodies are responsible for agglutination of blood cells.

true

If the Rh antigen is lacking, the blood is Rh negative.

true

Type

B- agglutinates in anti-B and anti-Rh sera.

false

Type O- does not agglutinate in anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh sera.

true

How is the expression of surface antigens on red blood cells determined?

genetics

People who have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have _____ antibodies in their plasma.

anti A and anti B

People who have the A antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have

_____ antibodies in their plasma.

anti B

People who have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have ____ antibodies in their plasma.

neither anti A nor anti B

People who have the B antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have

____ antibodies in their plasma.

Anti A

Like the ABO blood group, the Rh blood group is important in determining blood transfusion compatibility. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh blood group?

Like the ABO blood group, the Rh blood group is important in determining blood transfusion compatibility. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh blood group?

AB + can take which blood types

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O-

O+ can take which blood types

types O+, O-

A- can take which blood types

types A-, O-

B+ can take which blood types

types B+, B-, O+, and O-

B- can take which blood types

types B-, O-

O- can take which blood types

type O-

A+ can take which blood types

type A+, A-, O+, and O-

The root word ____

means "red."

erythro

The root word ___

means "white."

leuko

The root word ____

means "related to clotting."

thromb

The root word ___

means "attraction."

phil

The root word ____

means "blood."

hema

stain easily with a basic, purple dye.

basophils

are red blood cells.

erythrocytes

is the process of stopping bleeding..

hemostasis

are white blood cells.

leukocytes

, or platelets, mediate the process of blood clotting..

thrombocytes

Which of the following types of formed elements is produced when a megakaryocyte fragments?

platelet

Which formed element contains hemoglobin?

Erythrocyte

Which leukocyte increases in number during parasitic infections?

Eosinophil

You are examining a human blood smear under the microscope and note a cell with a large, unlobed nucleus that takes up almost the entire cell volume and no violet granules in the cytoplasm. Identify the cell.

Lymphocyte

Identify the most muscular chamber.

Left ventricle

Name the inner lining of the heart.

Endocardium

Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?

Left ventricle

Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles that are not indirectly connected to the atrioventricular valves.

Trabeculae carneae

What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?

Chordae tendineae

Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.

true

What is the function of the coronary circulation?

Provide a blood supply to the heart

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?

Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?

Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.

Auricle

The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.

true

The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.

false

The beginning of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram (ECG) immediately precedes which of the following events?

closing of the atrioventricular valves

Which of the following can be heard with a stethoscope most easily?

Closing of atrioventricular valves

Arrange these elements of the intrinsic conduction system in the order that a depolarizing impulse travels during a normal heartbeat

First element depolarized

1. SA node

2. Internodal pathways

3. AV node

4. AV bundle

5. bundle branches

6. purkinje fibers

Last element depolarized

Convey(s) the impulse throughout the ventricular walls

Purkinje fibers