LING 102 - Unit 1 Review

Oral Production

Articulatory system: Mouth, nose, larynx, lungs

Sign Production

Articulatory system: Hands, head, body

Oral Reception

Auditory system

Sign Reception

Visual system

Oral & Sign Processing

Neural system

Oral & Sign Processing

Neural system

Mental Grammar

A shared system that allows us to understand each other's ideas when we speak

Phonetics

Studies the production of sounds used in speech; Analyze sound waves

Phonology

Studies how speech sounds are organized and used in a specific language; Don't have minimal pairs

Morphology

Studies the internal structure of words and how they are formed

Syntax

Studies sentence structure and the rules that guide their formation

Semantics

Studies the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

Pragmatics

Studies how context affects meaning

Semanticity

Parts of language carry meaning in some way

Interchangeability

All members of the species can both send and receive messages

Cultural Transmission

At least certain aspects of the communication system must be transmitted from an experienced user to a learner

Arbitrariness

There is no natural or inherent connection between a form (word) and its meaning

Discreteness

Discrete, isolatable units that can be combined together

Displacement

Users of the communication system can refer to events remote in space and time

Productivity

New messages on any topic can be produced at any time

Letters ≠ Sounds

Sounds ≠ Letters

Minimal Pairs

A group of words that differ in only one sound and demonstrate that certain sounds are meaningfully distinct in a language

Place of Articulation

Where sounds are produced; Top of Chart; Left is front; Right is back

Manner of Articulation

How air passes through the oral/nasal cavity; Left of chart

Voicing

Vibration of vocal folds; Left of column

Blank Areas on IPA Char

Possible to make, but have never been found actually being used

Shaded Areas on IPA Chart

Considered impossible to be able to produce

Vowels

Frontness/backness, openness/vowel height, and lip rounding

Frontness/Backness

How far front or back a vowel is produced; Left is toward the front; Right is toward the back

Openness/Vowel Height

How open your mouth is when a vowel is produced; Top is more closed; Bottom more open

Lip Rounding

Whether your lips are rounded when you produce a vowel; Left is unrounded; Right is rounded

Consonants

Voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation

McGurk Effect

A perceptual illusion that demonstrates how visual cues can influence our perception of speech

Morphology

The study of the internal structure of words

Word

A unit that can stand alone and that has a connected form (specific sound series) with some kind of meaning (ex: object, idea, concept, place, action)

Morpheme

Smallest linguistic unit that can have a meaning or grammatical function

Free Morphemes

Morphemes that can stand alone as a word (Ex: "Dog")

Compounds

Two or more free morphemes that are combined together (Ex: "Doghouse")

Affix

Morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form; Adding affixes to the foot (ex: un-rizz-able)

Reduplication

Adding the same root to the same root

Portmanteau

Blending two or more morphemes together (ex: breakfast + lunch = brunch)

Lexicon

Our mental dictionary; The mental place where words are stored

Grammaticality

The quality of being well-formed in a language; Has nothing to do with whether a sentence makes any sense; Is not about whether a sentence is approved by teachers, editors, or prescriptivists

Utterance

Anything you can say

Proposition

A state of affairs in the world; Something that can be true or false

Abstract

Exist in thought or in our minds but they don't have a physical or concrete existence

Phrases

Group of words that together form a conceptual unit

Sentence Formation

Formed by stringing together words of different categories, like noun, verb, adjective, etc. or stringing together phrases

Constituents

Certain parts of a sentence intuitively seem to form more of a cohesive unit than others

Grammatical English Sentence

Noun phrase + verb phrase

Noun phrase

Article + adjective + noun

Verb Phrase

Verb + noun phrase

Proto-Writing

Tokens & Pictographs

Tokens

3D patterns in stone, used for record keeping

Pictographs

Impressions of tokens; Making tokens 2D

Partial Writing

Recognizable picture of something in the real world, but does not represent specific linguistic form

The Rebus Principle

Symbols come to represent sounds instead of original meaning in order to represent new words

Full Writing

Ability to express any and all thoughts that spoken/signed language can communicate

Logographic System

1 grapheme = 1 word/morpheme; Usually related to word meaning, not pronunciation (ex: character/picture = "duck")

Syllabic System

1 grapheme = 1 syllable; Directly related to pronunciation rather than meaning (ex: character = "sa")

Alphabetic System

1 grapheme = 1 sound (or phoneme); Related to pronunciation instead of meaning (ex: "sa" = s + a)

The Duality Principle

All writing systems include information on both pronunciation and meaning (ex: Chinese characters heavily towards meaning, Latin/Roman alphabet heavily towards pronunciation)