APES Unit 4 Quiz

Core (Earth’s Layers)

innermost deepest layer. Hot as hell and heat radiates outward and liquifys the things around it

Mantle (Earth’s Layers)

incredibly thick layer In the middle Mostly liquid magma due to heat from core.

Asthenosphere (Earth’s Layers)

top portion of mantle, part of it. Semi solid since its mostly not getting most of the heat. Thought to be what plates slide on

Lithosphere (Earth’s Layers)

completely solid, thin layer directly on top of mantle. The tectonic plates are located.

Crust (Earth’s Layers)

Ground that we see. Contains life

Divergent plates

plates that are moving away from each other, eventually forming rifts and rift valleys, mostly make volcanos

Convergent plates

plates that are moving towards/crashing into one another. One plate will eventually slide beneath the other, often resulting in earthquakes, but mostly make mountains

Transform plates

plates that move at opposite directions at one another, make earthquakes

Subduction

only in convergent plates, where 2 plates smash against one another. The dense one always get gets forced under and heated back in magma.

Convection Cycle (Divergent)

the idea that heart transforms and relates to density. Heat rises with enough force that splits the ground which causes the plates to split away with a new volcano

Convection Cycle (Convergent)

there is a chain reaction after divergent, the two plates smash into each other, one plates goes up and the other plate subducts into the heat and turns into magma, the ocean plate subducts

Soil services

plant growth, nutrient cycling, habitat, engineering, water storage and filtration

Physical Weathering (how soil FORMS)

Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals, big rocks turn into small rocks. Biotic is animals and plant roots, abiotic is water and wind and temperature.

Chemical Weathering (how soil FORMS)

Releases essential nutrients from rocks such lichen and moss that has digestive systems that break down matter with a mix of decaying organic matter Important part of phosphorus cycle

Soil development from below

Physical breakdown of rocks and primary materials newly exposed minerals)provide raw material to make abiotic soil

Soil development from above

Deposition of organic material from dead organisms and their waste, soil need weathering and organic material.

Erosion and weathering

not the same thing. One is transportation and one turns bigs rocks into little rocks.

Factor hat can affect rate of soil formation

Climate: temperature such as warmer climates tend to see faster decomposition and precipitation also has multiple effects, and more organisms means more decomposition

sand (soil texture)

high permeability and low water retention, largest

silt (soil texture)

feeling smooth and powdery like flour, Offers moderate/intermediate water retention and drainage capacity, medium

clay (soil texture)

provide high water-holding capacity and fertility but low permeability, the smallest.

porosity

a measure of the open spaces or pores in the soil

permeability

a measure of how well water passes through the sample. measures how easily water can flow through connected pore spaces in the ground

Porosity and Water

have an inverse relationship. Porosity determines the total volume of water a material can store, while connectivity dictates how easily that water moves

Porosity and permeability

they both are connected in a way, they rise and fall together. porosity is giving water access into and out of the soil, and permeability is being able to hold on to water for use without drowning

Soil Profile

a cross section view of soil, we see its divided into layers called horizons

Mature soil

has more organic material and more nutrients

nutrient-poor

very old soils due to plants and water leaching nutrients

O Horizon = “Organic”

First layer. Decomposed organic material, not usually called soil. Sometimes called humus (lower layer), Most pronounced in forests

A Horizon = topsoil

Second layer. Surface soil/topsoil, true soil, Organic mixed with mineral material thats good for plants/animals Most biological activity. lots of organic health soil.

E Horizon = “Eluviated”

Third layer. In some acidic soils Metals and nutrients are leached (pulled from one place to another), or eluviated, from above (iron, aluminum, organic acids). nutrient poor and mostly sand.

B Horizon = Subsoil

fourth layer.Mineral material, zone of accumulation of metals. rich in minerals that are leached from above

C Horizon

fifth layer. Least weathered, weathered of bedrock and sediment that the soil we make from. Similar to parent material which is the bottom layer

R Horizon

part of the C horzion and fifth layer, not really needed. bedrock and solid crust.

Soil Fertility

ability to support plant growth. nutrient rich, high humus and decomposers, basicity/alkalinity, moderate amount of clay, eration, lots of root structure

Soil Degradation

loss of ability to support plants. high acidity, excessive rain, excessive farming, loss of topsoil, compaction, root loss, too much sand