Religion Semester 2 Exam 26

Define 'Vocation'.

the life-calling of every person, created in everyone by God. It includes work, personal growth and development, career and possibly marriage. It is broader than just a job.

Define 'Purgatory'.

the final purification experienced by people who die in God's grace but still have traces of sin. They are purified so they can share in God's perfect love and goodness in heaven.

Define 'Justice'.

giving others what they are entitled to and respecting their rights. It is a basic human value and a feature of true love because it is concerned with the good of others.

Define 'State of Grace'.

A state of grace is a state of being free from mortal sin and living in a close relationship with God.

Define 'Natural Law'.

the moral law God has written into human nature. It allows people to recognise right and wrong through human reason and applies to everyone.

Define 'Sin'.

a deliberate thought, word or action that goes against God's laws and human nature as God created it.

Define 'Original Justice'.

the state of original holiness and harmony in which God created Adam and Eve. It involved harmony with God, within themselves, with each other and with creation.

Define 'Original Sin'.

the first disobedience to God by Adam and Eve. Its effects include the loss of the original state of justice and harmony, a damaged relationship with God, a tendency towards sin and difficulties in relationships with oneself, other people and creation.

Define 'Ecumenism'.

the movement towards unity among Christian Churches through dialogue, cooperation, prayer and attempts to resolve disagreements.

Define 'Universal Destination of Goods'.

God created the world's resources for the benefit of everyone. All people have a right to access the goods of creation to meet their basic needs and live with dignity. Private ownership is allowed, but people must use their possessions responsibly and consider the needs of others

Define 'Martyr'.

someone who suffers or dies for their Christian faith rather than deny their beliefs.

Define 'Reformation'.

was a major religious movement in the sixteenth century that challenged the Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestant Churches.

Define 'Pentecost'.

the event when the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles, fulfilling Jesus' promise and empowering them to spread the Gospel.

Define 'Magisterium'.

the teaching authority of the Catholic Church, exercised by the Pope and bishops in communion with him, who guide the Church in matters of faith and morals.

Define 'Examination of Conscience'.

An examination of conscience is the reflection on one's thoughts, words and actions to recognise sins, consider whether one has followed God's laws and identify areas needing improvement.

Define 'Dignity of the Human Person'.

Every human being has God-given dignity because they are created in the image and likeness of God. Everyone deserves respect and equal treatment regardless of their differences.

Define 'Subsidiarity'.

Decisions should be made at the lowest appropriate level of society. Larger organisations or authorities should support smaller communities rather than take over responsibilities they can manage themselves.

Define 'Preferential Option for the Poor'.

principle that Christians and society should give priority to the needs and rights of poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged people, ensuring they receive the support they need.

Define 'Conscience'.

Conscience is the most secret core and sanctuary of a person, where they recognise echoes of God's voice calling them to love good and avoid evil.

How is work a participation in God's creative activity?

God continues to sustain, develop and perfect creation. People participate in this activity by using their gifts and talents to sustain and develop the earth, human society, families and individuals.

eg

• Contributing to family and community life.

• Developing society through work, science and the arts.

Outline how work is a participation in God's creative activity.

Work includes any way a human being participates in God's creative activity, even everyday activities. broader than paid employment, as people contribute to God's work of bettering and perfecting the world through activities such as family life and voluntary work.

Describe how the Sacrament of Marriage strengthens a couple to live out their vocation

Jesus gives a married couple the strength and grace to live out marriage vocation. He strengthens them to face daily problems, communicate, renew their commitment, forgive each other, support each other and overcome temptations to be unfaithful. He also guides them in decisions about their home, family, parenting and finances.

Identify the Sacrament through which a man is ordained.

Holy Orders is the sacrament through which a man is ordained to the ministerial priesthood.

Identify the priestly mission.

to teach, govern and sanctify.

Define ‘celibate love’

a way of loving that is not expressed through marriage or sexual relationships. It involves giving oneself in love and service to God and others.

Identify the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience taken by those in religious life.

• Poverty: Owning nothing personally, surrendering goods and earnings to the Church and depending on the Church for support.

• Chastity: Living a life of celibate love, following Christ’s example.

• Obedience: Placing one's talents and choices at the disposal of the Church and following its direction

Outline the three elements that need to be considered when making a moral decision.

• Action: What a person actually does. It must obey God's laws to be morally good.

• Intention: The reason or purpose behind the action must be good.

• Circumstances: The situation in which the action takes place, including its consequences.

Explain why responsible decisions are moral decisions.

Responsible decisions are moral decisions because they involve choosing what is right and good rather than what is wrong. They require people to consider how their choices affect themselves and others and to make decisions that lead to long-term happiness and true goodness.

Identify God’s revealed laws: the Ten Commandments and Jesus’ Two Greatest Commandments.

The Ten Commandments:

1. You shall have no other gods before me.

2. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain.

3. Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day.

4. Honour your father and your mother.

5. You shall not kill.

6. You shall not commit adultery.

7. You shall not steal.

8. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.

9. You shall not covet your neighbour’s wife.

10. You shall not covet your neighbour’s goods.

Jesus’ Two Greatest Commandments:

1. Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul and mind.

2. Love your neighbour as yourself.

State the ‘Golden Rule’.

Always treat others as you would like them to treat you.

identify factors that may lessen a person’s responsibility.

• Lack of knowledge or understanding.

• Limited freedom or being pressured by circumstances.

• Bad habits or influences from others.

• Addiction or other difficulties that affect a person's ability to make free choices.

Identify the Sacraments of Healing.

• Reconciliation (Penance): Provides forgiveness for sins and restores a person's relationship with God.

• Anointing of the Sick: Gives spiritual strength and grace to people who are seriously ill or weakened by old age.

identify and describe the four principles of conscience.

• Everyone is obliged to form their conscience: People must learn and understand God's laws so they can make correct moral judgements.

• Everyone is obliged to follow their sincere conscience: People must act according to what they sincerely believe is right, even if they make an honest mistake.

• Conscience does not decide right or wrong: God determines what is right and wrong. Conscience helps people recognise and apply God's laws.

• A good intention does not justify a wrong action: Both the goal and the means used to achieve it must be morally good.

Describe how people can form their conscience.

People can form their conscience by learning God's laws and moral teachings, studying the teachings of Jesus and the Church, reflecting on their decisions, praying and seeking guidance. They must also recognise and try to change bad habits and attitudes.

Outline what an examination of conscience is and explain why it is important.

An examination of conscience is when a person reflects on their thoughts, words and actions in the light of Jesus' teachings, especially the two greatest commandments. It is important because it helps people recognise where they have done wrong, ask for God's forgiveness and consider how to become better. It is also part of preparing for the Sacrament of Reconciliation.

Outline internal and external factors that can inhibit a person’s ability to hear the voice of God.

• Internal factors: Emotions, selfishness, fear, pride, bad habits and personal desires can cloud a person's judgement.

• External factors: Peer pressure, other people's expectations, social trends and negative influences can encourage people to ignore their conscience and make wrong choices.

Outline the four marks of the Church, including why the Church is apostolic.

1. One: The Church is united through one faith, one Baptism and the Holy Spirit.

2. Holy: The Church is holy because Jesus, its Head, is holy and the Holy Spirit is shared with its members.

3. Catholic: The Church is universal and its mission is to the whole human race.

4. Apostolic: The Church is built on the teachings of the Apostles and continues their mission through their successors, the Pope and bishops.

Explain that ‘Catholic’ means the Church’s mission is universal.

Catholic means ‘universal’. The Church is universal because Jesus is present through the Church wherever it exists, and because its mission is to spread the Gospel to the whole human race. Jesus commanded his followers to make disciples of all nations

Outline the Christian persecutions between the first and fourth centuries under Roman rule.

Early Christians were persecuted by Roman authorities because they refused to worship Roman gods and the emperor, remaining faithful to Jesus instead. Christians were imprisoned, punished and killed for their beliefs. Persecution occurred at different times under Roman rulers, including a major persecution under Emperor Diocletian beginning in 303 AD.

Describe the contributions of Constantine to Christianity.

Constantine supported Christianity and helped bring an end to official persecution. In 313 AD, he and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan, which granted religious freedom and allowed Christians to practise their faith openly. Constantine also supported the Church and called the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.

Identify Saint Stephen as the first Christian martyr and Saint Paul as a missionary.

• Saint Stephen: The first Christian martyr. He was stoned to death for his faith in Jesus.

• Saint Paul: A missionary who spread Christianity beyond the Jewish community. After his conversion, he travelled on missionary journeys, preached the Gospel and established Christian communities.

Describe the causes of the Protestant Reformation.

was caused by corruption within the Catholic Church and dissatisfaction with some Church leaders and practices. Disagreements about Church authority and teachings also contributed to the division of Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant Churches.

Identify the key people who contributed to the Reformation and describe their contribution.

• Martin Luther: Challenged corruption and practices within the Catholic Church, helping begin the Protestant Reformation.

• John Calvin: Became a major Protestant reformer and helped establish the Reformed tradition.

• Henry VIII: Broke with Rome and established the Church of England, with himself as its head.

• Pope Paul III: Called the Council of Trent, which helped reform the Catholic Church.

• Thomas More: Refused to accept Henry VIII as head of the Church in England instead of the Pope and was executed for his position.

Define the Catholic Christian understanding of ‘justice’ and ‘social justice’.

• Justice: Giving people what they are due by respecting their rights and treating them with fairness and dignity.

• Social justice: Working to create a society where the rights and dignity of all people are respected and everyone can participate fairly in society.

Explain how Christians are part of the Body of Christ and its impact on each other.

Christians become members of the Body of Christ through Baptism, with Jesus as the Head. All members are connected and depend on one another. What one member does affects others, so Christians have a responsibility to care for, support and treat one another justly.

Identify types of injustice and give examples of each.

• Injustice within families: Bullying, ridiculing, blaming others, refusing to forgive or constantly criticising a family member.

• Injustice within society: Discrimination, unequal opportunities, exploitation and denying people their rights.

• Injustice between nations: Conflict, oppression and the unfair treatment of people or countries.

Identify material poverty and other forms of poverty.

• Material poverty: Lacking the basic material necessities of life, such as food, clean water, shelter and clothing.

• Other forms of poverty: A lack of non-material needs, such as love, family support, education, friendship, freedom or spiritual well-being.

identify the four harmonies of God’s justice.

• Harmony with God.

• Harmony within themselves.

• Harmony with each other.

• Harmony with the rest of creation.

Define ‘original sin’ and describe how it damaged the four harmonies.

Original sin is the first human disobedience to God by Adam and Eve. It destroyed the original state of harmony:

• With God: People lost their original close relationship with God.

• Within themselves: People experienced inner conflict and struggled with temptation.

• With each other: Relationships became damaged by selfishness, conflict and injustice.

• With creation: The relationship between people and the rest of creation became disrupted.

Define ‘justification’ and outline how it restores the relationship between God and the human race.

Justification is God's action of making people right with him through his grace. Through Jesus Christ, God offers forgiveness and restores the relationship between humanity and himself. People receive this gift through faith and respond by living according to God's will.

Explain why harmony with oneself, others and creation depends on harmony with God.

God is the source of all life, love and goodness. When people have a close relationship with God and follow his guidance, they are better able to experience inner peace, resist temptation, treat others with love and respect, and care for creation. Harmony with God therefore supports harmony within themselves, with others and with the rest of creation.

Recall how the First, Third and Seventh Commandments guide people to live justly.

• First – You shall have no other gods before me: People must put God first and not allow possessions, money or power to become more important than God.

• Third – Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day: People must worship God and set aside time for rest.

• Seventh – You shall not steal: People must respect other people's property and use the world's resources fairly and responsibly.

Outline the message of the Parable of the Last Judgement.

teaches that people will be judged on how they treated others, especially those who are poor, suffering or in need. Jesus teaches that when people help those in need, they are helping him. Christians are therefore called to show love through practical actions, such as feeding the hungry, welcoming strangers, clothing those in need and visiting the sick.

Identify Catholic organisations that promote social justice.

• Caritas Australia: Works to reduce poverty and promote justice by supporting communities experiencing disadvantage and helping people improve their living conditions.

• St Vincent de Paul Society: Supports people experiencing poverty and disadvantage by providing practical assistance and support.

• Catholic Mission: Supports the Church's missionary work and helps communities in need through development and education projects.

Define the Principle of the Common Good and give an example.

means providing for the basic needs that people share, so everyone can participate in society and develop their potential. It does not simply mean what benefits the majority.
Example: Providing wheelchair access to buildings so people with disabilities can participate in society.

Define the Principle of the Dignity of the Human Person and give an example.

every person has God-given dignity and must be treated with respect. People should treat everyone as ‘another self’, regardless of their differences.
Example: Treating people fairly and helping those in need.

Define the Principle of Solidarity and give an example.

solidarity means supporting one another by sharing spiritual and material goods with others.
Example: People with plenty sharing with those in need, or wealthier nations helping poorer countries through aid and development projects.