Infancy Chapter 3 Human Growth & Development

Newborn

the first 30 or 4 weeks of life

infant

first 12 months of life

Physical Characteristics of Newborn

Fontanelles: soft spots on the top of head

acrocyanosis: blue mottling blue to sluggish PVC

umbilical cord: stump that drys and shrinks and falls off after 7 days

jaundice: yellow due to immature liver function

circumcision: removal of foreskin on penis, benefits is less UTI's, less STD's, less cervical cancer in female partner

Body growth in newborns

birth 7.5lbs, in 6 months weight doubles, in 1 year weight triples, in 2 years weight quadruples

cephalocaudal development

growth starts from the head and moves down

proximodistal growth

development begins from the center of the body then outward

frontal lobe

regulates emotions and personality and expressions and cognitive behaviors

parietal lobe

processes sensory information

occipital lobe

where vision is processed

sensitive periods in brain development

kangaroo care (skin to skin attachment) which stabilizes HR, breathing, and sleeping

Breastfeeding

has immunological effects, recommended

bottle feeding

fortified and enriched

cow's milk

Not recommended until age 1

water

monitor signs of dehydration, seen by dry mouth, sunken eyes, weak or no tears, dry diapers

Solid Food Introduction

at six months, usually oats, barely, rice, cereals are recommended

food jags

when a child prefers one food

Sleep Patterns

newborn: need 20 hours of sleep

3-4 months: needs 18 hours of sleep

12 months: needs 15 hours of sleep

co-sleep: a general term for parents and infants sleeping in close proximity to one another, either in the same room or on the same sleep surface

Infant speech

-crying, cooing, babbling, universal words

Erikson's Theory of Infant and Toddler Personality

Trust vs. Mistrust

Trust: ease of feeding, depth of sleep, contentment

Mistrust: poor sleeping & eating, colic, failure to thrive: disorder where infants stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention, can effect infant in childhood and adulthood

Bonding

refers to the initial maternal emotional tie

engrossment

describes the father's initial response to baby

4 patterns of attachment identified by Ainsworth

secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized/disoriented

secure

child demonstrates a secure base 60%

avoidant

no distress seen, slow to greet parent when they return

resistant

having the ability to fight against

disorganized/disoriented

15%, inconsistent, contradictory and confused behavior, least secure

ambivalent

clingy, distressed, angry

Separation Anxiety

distress is displayed by the child when the parent or caregiver departs

stranger anxiety

when the child becomes wary snd when they encounter an unfamilar person

temperament

easy child: can adapt easily

slow to warm up: shy, passive, longer to adjust

difficult: intense reactions when no routine, temper tantrums

solitary play

a child plays alone, unaware of any other children playing nearby

appropriate toys

rattles, anything they can hold, squeeze toys

Immunizations

instruct where to get them and importance

dental health

begin cleaning teeth primary teeth come in about six months of age

safety promotion and injury control

leading cause of accidental death is related to suffocation, drowning, ingestion of small toys or choking

Prevention and Protection

-SIDS

-car seats

safe baby

follow ABC's of safe sleep:

A" baby should sleep ALONE

B: on their BACK

C: in a safe CRIB right from the start

Developmental tasks for infants

-achieve physiological equilibrium after birth

-develop a sense of trust

-interact with the environment

-manages the changing body and learns new motor skills

-develops preverbal communication