Exercise Physiology 2 (Quiz 3)

VO₂max

The maximal rate at which the body can consume oxygen during exercise.

Fick Principle

VO₂ = Cardiac Output × a-vO₂ difference.

Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Cardiac Output Equation

CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricle per beat.

a-vO₂ Difference

The difference between arterial and venous oxygen content.

Central Factors

Factors affecting oxygen delivery through the cardiovascular system.

Peripheral Factors

Factors affecting oxygen extraction and utilization by working muscles.

Heart Rate (HR)

The number of heart beats per minute.

Preload

The amount of ventricular filling/stretch before contraction.

Afterload

The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.

Contractility

The ability of the heart muscle to contract and generate force.

Frank-Starling Principle

Greater ventricular filling generally produces a stronger contraction.

Ejection Fraction

The percentage of ventricular blood ejected per contraction.

Ejection Fraction Equation

Ejection Fraction = Stroke Volume ÷ End-Diastolic Volume.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

The average pressure driving blood through the systemic circulation.

MAP Equation

MAP = Cardiac Output × Total Peripheral Resistance.

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

The resistance blood encounters as it flows through vessels.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels that decreases vascular resistance.

Oxygen Carrying Capacity

The blood's capacity to carry oxygen.

Oxygen Delivery

The transport of oxygen from the lungs to working tissues.

Oxygen Extraction

The removal and use of oxygen by working tissues.

Pulmonary Responses

The changes in breathing and gas exchange during exercise.

Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Respiration

The exchange and utilization of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Minute Ventilation (V̇E)

The total volume of air moved through the lungs per minute.

Minute Ventilation Equation

V̇E = Tidal Volume × Breathing Rate.

Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air moved during a normal breath.

Breathing Rate

The number of breaths taken per minute.

Dead Space

Air that does not participate directly in gas exchange.

VT1

The first ventilatory threshold where ventilation begins increasing disproportionately.

VT2

The second ventilatory threshold associated with a greater rise in ventilation.

Cardiovascular Drift

A gradual increase in heart rate with reduced stroke volume during prolonged exercise.

Exercise Mode

A factor influencing the magnitude of the physiologic exercise response.

Dynamic Exercise

Exercise involving repeated muscle contraction and movement.

Static Exercise

Exercise involving sustained muscle contraction with little movement.

Supine Position

Lying face-up; body position affecting cardiovascular responses.

Upright Position

Standing or seated upright; body position affecting cardiovascular responses.

Compliance

The ability of a structure to expand in response to pressure.

Compliance Equation

Compliance = ΔV ÷ ΔP.

Blood Pressure

The force of blood against the walls of blood vessels.

Acute Responses

Immediate physiologic changes occurring during exercise.

Chronic Adaptations

Long-term physiologic changes resulting from repeated exercise.

Genetics

An inherited factor influencing exercise capacity and physiologic responses.

Environment

External conditions such as temperature and altitude affecting exercise responses.

Altitude

Reduced environmental oxygen availability that challenges oxygen delivery.

Altitude Acclimatization

Physiologic adjustments that improve function during prolonged altitude exposure.