Genetics: Mendel and Cell Division

Mendel's work on inheritance had an immediate influence on the scientific community and theories of inheritance.

A) True

B) False

B) False

Differences in plant flower color or plant height are called a variant of a trait.

A) True

B) False

A) True

The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by ____.

A) Aristotle

B) Galen

C) Mendel

D) Hippocrates

E) None of the answers are correct

D) Hippocrates

Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900 by which of the following individual(s)?

A) Carl Correns

B) Erich von Tschermak

C) Hugh de Vries

D) All of the answers are correct

D) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following characteristics made the pea plant Pisum sativum an ideal organism for Mendel's studies?

A) It has the ability to self-fertilize

B) It was easy to cross-fertilize one plant with another

C) It has easily identifiable traits

D) All of the answers are correct

D) All of the answers are correct

The anther represents the __ portion of the plant, while the ovules represent the portion of the plant.

A) female; male

B) male; female

C) female; female

D) male; male

B) male; female

Which of the following traits was not studied by Mendel?

A) Flower color

B) Seed color

C) Pod color

D) Pollen color

E) Plant height

D) Pollen color

A true breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From this information, it can be stated that the green color is __ to the yellow color.

A) recessive

B) dominant

C) subservient

D) blended

E) None of these choices are correct

B) dominant

Mendel's work with single-factor crosses resulted in the development of which of the following?

A) Law of segregation

B) Law of independent assortment

C) Theory of natural selection

D) Law of biological evolution

E) All of these choices are correct

A) Law of segregation

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

A) 1:2:1

B) 9:3:3:1

C) 3:1

D) 7:4

E) Varied depending on the trait

C) 3:1

An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ________.

A) homozygous

B) heterozygous

C) isozygous

D) a variant

A) homozygous

The genetic composition of an individual is called its __________.

A) phenotype

B) genotype

C) hybrid

D) dominance

E) None of these choices are correct

B) genotype

The observable characteristics of an organism are called its ______.

A) phenotype

B) genotype

C) dominance

D) genes

E) None of these choices are correct

A) phenotype

An individual who has two different alleles for a trait is called ________.

A) haploid

B) homozygous

C) heterozygous

D) isozygous

E) true-breeding

C) heterozygous

In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the ______.

A) diploid offspring

B) haploid offspring

C) diploid gametes

D) haploid gametes

D) haploid gametes

Mendel's work with two-factor (dihybrid) crosses led directly to which of the following?

A) Chromosomal theory of inheritance

B) Particulate theory of inheritance

C) Law of segregation

D) Law of independent assortment

E) Theory of biological evolution

D) Law of independent assortment

In a dihybrid cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

A) 3:1

B) 1:2:1

C) 1:1

D) 9:3:3:1

D) 9:3:3:1

In humans, patterns of inheritance are often studied using which of the following?

A) Loss-of-function alleles

B) Production of true-breeding lines

C) Pedigree analysis

D) Self-fertilization

E) None of these choices are correct

C) Pedigree analysis

The chance that a future event will occur is called ________.

A) probability

B) goodness of fit

C) degrees of freedom

D) random selection

E) All of these choices are correct

A) probability

Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three independent events in order?

A) Sum rule

B) Product rule

C) Chi-square test

D) Binomial expansion

E) Random sampling error

B) Product rule

A couple would like to know what the probability is that out of five children, three will be girls. This is solved using which of the following?

A) Sum rule

B) Product rule

C) Chi-square test

D) Binomial expansion

E) Random sampling error

D) Binomial expansion

Using Mendel's flower color (purple is dominant, white is recessive), if two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that the first two offspring will have purple flowers?

A) 1/2

B) 1/4

C) 6/4

D) 9/16

E) 1/16

D) 9/16

The __ indicates the probability that differences between the observed values and the expected values are due to random chance alone.

A) P value

B) goodness of fit

C) degrees of freedom

D) empirical approach

E) None of these choices are correct

A) P value

In the biological sciences, the null hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value is __.

A) greater than 1

B) less than 0.30

C) less than 0.95

D) less than 0.05

E) less than 1

D) less than 0.05

____ is the belief that seeds are produced by all parts of the body and transmitted to the next generation.

A) Hippocrates

B) Pangenesis

C) Blending

D) Particulate theory

E) Homunculus

B) Pangenesis

Mendel had experience in the fields of ____ and ____.

A) physics; mathematics

B) English; psychology

C) psychology; biology

D) biology; philosophy

E) None of these choices are correct.

A) physics; mathematics

A cross in which a researcher investigates the patterns of inheritance of a single trait is called a ______.

A) monohybrid cross

B) dihybrid cross

C) two-factor cross

D) cross-fertilization

E) self-fertilization

A) monohybrid cross

In a genetic cross, the ____ represent offspring with genetic combinations that were not found in the parental lines.

A) P generation

B) nonrecombinants

C) parentals

D) nonparentals

E) None of these choices are correct

D) nonparentals

The study of family trees in humans is called a ____ analysis.

A) pedigree

B) monohybrid

C) dihybrid

D) statistical

E) probability

A) pedigree

Statistical analysis determines the ____ between observed data and what was expected from the original hypothesis.

A) degrees of freedom

B) P values

C) complete hypothesis

D) goodness of fit

D) goodness of fit

If a Punnett square is used to visualize a three-factor cross (trihybrid cross) how many boxes would be inside of the square?

A) 3

B) 8

C) 48

D) 64

E) Can't be determined

D) 64

According to Mendel's law of segregation, allele segregation into gametes is ______________.

A) based on whether the allele is dominant or recessive

B) random

C) based on whether the individual is homozygotic or heterozygotic

D) based on whether the individual is male or female

B) random

In the Punnett square, in which box would homozygotic dominant progeny be represented?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

A) A

The Law of Independent Assortment states that ______________.

A) two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

B) two different alleles will randomly assort during the formation of haploid cells

C) two different genes will NOT randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

D) two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of diploid cells

A) two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

An allele that produces an inactive enzyme would be classified as what kind of allele?

A) Loss-of-function

B) Gain-of-function

C) Dominant

D) These do not occur and therefore there is no classification for them.

A) Loss-of-function

Which definition below is the best definition for probability?

A) The chance that an outcome will occur in the future.

B) The frequency at which homozygous recessive traits are seen in an individual mating.

C) The number of times homozygotic recessives appear through successive generations of a family as compared to heterozygotes.

D) The number of times a coin is flipped.

A) The chance that an outcome will occur in the future.

What is the probability that an offspring will have an ssRR genotype from a cross of two SsRr individuals?

A) 6.25%

B) 12.5%

C) 25%

D) 3.12%

A) 6.25%

If an individual that phenotypically has dominant traits is mated to another individual that also has dominant traits and the progeny have both dominant and recessive traits it indicates that ______.

A) both parents are heterozygotic

B) one parent is heterozygotic and one is homozygotic

C) both parents are homozygotic

D) no conclusions can be made about the genotypes of the parents

A) both parents are heterozygotic

The results of a study of a population is presented. Which of the conclusions listed below is correct regarding S- and ss matings?

A) The ratios of the offspring in the S- x S- matings conform to the expected ratio for a single-gene cross.

B) The ratios of the offspring in the S- x S- matings are due to some S- parents being homozygotic and some being heterozygotic.

C) If the S- offspring of the S- x S- matings were mated to the S- offspring from the S- x ss matings there would be no ss offspring; all would be S-.

D) All of the S- offspring from the S- x S- matings are homozygotic.

B) The ratios of the offspring in the S- x S- matings are due to some S- parents being homozygotic and some being heterozygotic.

The results of a two-gene cross of plants that are both heterozygous are shown. What conclusions would you make?

A) More progeny should be counted since the number of progeny is too low to make this type of analysis.

B) The chi square value is so close to the p value at 0.05 a conclusion should not be drawn and another mating should be performed.

C) The results are statistically the same as the expected results.

D) The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results.

D) The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results.

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CF gene. If two carriers that have different mutations in their CF genes have children what is the probability that one of their children will have CF disease?

A) 100%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

B) 25%

Huntington's disease is a fatal syndrome caused by a dominant mutation in the HD gene... What is the probability that a 25-year-old woman with no symptoms and who is the daughter of a man that has HD and a mother who does not will have a child that will have the mutant HD allele?

A) 25%

B) 50%

C) 75%

D) 100%

A) 25%

Two plants that are heterozygous for production of an enzyme are crossed... What is the expected ratio of the phenotypes A, B, and C in the progeny?

A) A: 33.3% B: 33.3% C: 33.3%

B) A: 50% B: 25% C: 25%

C) A: 25% B: 50% C: 25%

D) A: 25% B: 25% C: 50%

C) A: 25% B: 50% C: 25%

Two pea plants that are heterozygous for the dominant tall gene and the dominant purple flower gene are mated... What are the expected ratios of the other phenotypic classes?

A) 1850 short/white flower 616 tall/white flower 1850 short/purple flower

B) 1850 short/white flower 1850 tall/white flower 1850 short/purple flower

C) 616 short/white flower 1850 tall/white flower 1850 short/purple flower

D) 5550 short/white flower 5550 tall/white flower 5550 short/purple flower

C) 616 short/white flower 1850 tall/white flower 1850 short/purple flower

If the progeny of a mating of pea plants have specific ratios for smooth/wrinkled seed and green/yellow pod, what are the genotypes of the parents?

A) Parent 1: Homozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Heterozygous for seed shape and homozygous for pod color

B) Both parents are heterozygous for seed shape and pod color

C) Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color

D) Parent 1: Heterozygous for both seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous for both seed shape and pod color

C) Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. A man and a woman are both unaffected heterozygous carriers. If the couple has two children, what is the probability that their first child will be unaffected and their second child will be unaffected?

A) 6.25%

B) 18.75%

C) 37.5%

D) 56.25%

D) 56.25%

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. If a couple, who are both unaffected, have an affected child, what is the probability their next child will be an affected girl?

A) 1/2

B) 1/4

C) 1/8

D) 1/16

C) 1/8

You are a researcher examining the expression pattern of a wobbly fly phenotype... What is your chi square number? Do you reject or accept the null hypothesis?

A) Chi square = 0.768; reject

B) Chi square = 0.768; accept

C) Chi square = 0.192; reject

D) Chi square = 0.192; accept

B) Chi square = 0.768; accept

Suppose that we are dealing with four genes... If the cross CcMmLlPP X CCmmLlpp is made, what is the probability of obtaining an individual who is CcmmLLPp?

A) 1/2

B) 1/4

C) 1/8

D) 1/16

E) 1/32

D) 1/16

In tomatoes, yellow flowers (Y) are dominant to white flowers (y) and round fruit (R) is dominant to oblong fruit (r)... What chi square number would you obtain? Based upon this number, would you reject or accept your null hypothesis?

A) Chi square = 12.7; reject

B) Chi square = 12.7; accept

C) Chi square = 987; reject

D) Chi square = 987; accept

A) Chi square = 12.7; reject

The Law of Independent Assortment does not always apply to genes that are ______.

A) linked

B) dominant

C) recessive

D) loss-of-function

A) linked

If a pedigree shows a recessive disorder caused by homozygosity of the a allele, what are the genotypes of the parents in this pedigree?

A) aa and aa

B) AA and aa

C) Aa and aa

D) Aa and Aa

C) Aa and aa

If a pedigree shows a dominant disorder caused by the dominant A allele, what are the genotypes of the parents in this pedigree?

A) aa and aa

B) aa and AA

C) aa and Aa

D) Aa and Aa

C) aa and Aa

Which of the following statements is correct regarding prokaryotic cells? Check all that apply.

A) Genetic information is contained within a nucleoid region.

B) Genetic material is organized as a single circular chromosome.

C) Membrane-bound organelles are found in the cytoplasm.

D) A cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane.

[A, B, D]

Sister chromatids are separated during anaphase of ______. (Check all that apply.)

A) mitosis

B) meiosis II

C) meiosis I

D) cytokinesis

[A, B]

Which of the following occurs during prophase? Check all that apply.

A) Chromosomes start to condense.

B) Sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell.

C) The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

D) The nuclear membrane starts to disassociate.

E) Separated sister chromatids are considered independent chromosomes.

[A, D]

Organelles are __.

A) structures that contain the genetic material.

B) membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells.

C) the region that contains the DNA in prokaryotic cells.

D) the outer, rigid covering of a prokaryotic cell.

B) membrane-bound compartments of eukaryotic cells.

A karyotype is a(n) __.

A) organelle of eukaryotic cells.

B) stage of prophase I in meiosis.

C) division of the cytoplasmic material following mitosis.

D) organized representation of the chromosomes within a cell.

E) protein complex bound to the centromere of an individual chromosome.

D) organized representation of the chromosomes within a cell.

You are performing a karyotype for the first time and you forget to add the colchicine. How do you predict this will affect your karyotype?

A) No affect - your karyotype will look normal.

B) You will be unable to see any chromosomes under the microscope.

C) You will only be able to see one of each chromosome.

D) The chromosomes will look normal (highly compacted) in some cells, but distinct chromosomes will be hard to identify in other cells.

D) The chromosomes will look normal (highly compacted) in some cells, but distinct chromosomes will be hard to identify in other cells.

During sexual reproduction, each parent contributes one set of chromosomes. Members of a pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) are called __.

A) karyotypes

B) sister chromatids

C) homologs

D) sex chromosomes

C) homologs

Which of the following would contain genetic material that is 100% identical?

A) Homologous chromosomes

B) Sister chromatids

C) X and Y chromosomes

D) All of these choices are correct - all answers are identical.

B) Sister chromatids

You are studying a diploid organism that has 14 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromatids would this cell have in G2 phase?

A) 7

B) 14

C) 28

D) 56

E) 112

D) 56

You are studying a diploid organism that has 14 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromatids will a gamete from this organism have?

A) 7

B) 14

C) 28

D) 56

E) 112

B) 14

You are studying a diploid organism that has 14 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromatids will a cell from this organism have in metaphase of meiosis II?

A) 7

B) 14

C) 28

D) 56

E) 112

C) 28

The location of a gene on a chromosome is called its __.

A) karyotype

B) allele

C) locus

D) homolog

C) locus

Cell division in prokaryotic cells is called ____, while in eukaryotic cells it is called ____.

A) binary fission ; binary fission

B) binary fission ; mitosis

C) meiosis ; mitosis

D) mitosis ; binary fission

B) binary fission ; mitosis

Sister chromatids are formed during which phase of the cell cycle?

A) G1 phase

B) G2 phase

C) S phase

D) Prophase

E) Cytokinesis

C) S phase

Chromosomes start to condense during which phase of the cell cycle?

A) Metaphase

B) Prometaphase

C) Telophase

D) Anaphase

E) Prophase

E) Prophase

Which of the following indicates the correct order of these events?

A) Anaphase - Telophase - Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase

B) Telophase - Prometaphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase

C) Metaphase - Prometaphase - Prophase - Anaphase - Telophase

D) Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase

D) Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase

In animals, somatic cells are ____ and germ cells are ______.

A) diploid ; diploid

B) diploid ; haploid

C) haploid ; diploid

D) haploid ; haploid

B) diploid ; haploid

If the gametes of an organism are different morphologically, they are said to be ______.

A) isogamous

B) heterogamous

C) diploid

D) haploid

B) heterogamous

The general purpose of the synaptonemal complex is to ______.

A) provide a link between homologous chromosomes in meiosis

B) enable the reformation of the cell wall during cytokinesis

C) separate the sister chromatids during anaphase

D) independently assort the chromosomes during metaphase of meiosis

E) None of the answers are correct.

A) provide a link between homologous chromosomes in meiosis

What occurs during leptotene of prophase I?

A) The homologous chromosomes recognize one another by synapsis.

B) Crossing over occurs.

C) The replicated chromosomes condense.

D) The synaptonemal complex dissociates.

E) None of the answers are correct.

C) The replicated chromosomes condense.

A bivalent contains how many chromatids?

A) 2

B) 4

C) 8

D) Depends on the cell

B) 4

The process of crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis?

A) Diakinesis

B) Diplotene

C) Pachytene

D) Zygotene

E) Leptotene

C) Pachytene

What represents the correct order of events during prophase I?

A) Pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis - leptotene - zygotene

B) Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis

C) Zygotene - leptotene - pachytene - diakinesis - diplotene

D) Diplotene - pachytene - leptotene - diakinesis - zygotene

B) Leptotene - zygotene - pachytene - diplotene - diakinesis

The physical structure that is formed when two chromatids cross over is called a(n) __.

A) synaptonemal complex

B) bivalent

C) karyotype

D) chiasma

D) chiasma

If an organism has five pairs of chromosomes, how many chromosomal combinations are possible at metaphase I of meiosis?

A) 25

B) 100,000

C) 9,765,625

D) 32

E) 1024

D) 32

The end result of meiosis in animals is __.

A) two diploid cells

B) two haploid cells

C) four diploid cells

D) four haploid cells

E) None of the answers are correct.

D) four haploid cells

Oogenesis is a gametogenic process involving ____ that produces __.

A) binary fission ; sperm cells

B) mitosis ; egg cells

C) meiosis ; egg cells

D) meiosis ; sperm cells

E) mitosis ; sperm cells

C) meiosis ; egg cells

In plants, the haploid generation is called the __ and the diploid generation is called the ______________.

A) sporophyte ; spermatogenesis

B) gametophyte ; sporophyte

C) sporophyte ; gametophyte

D) oogenesis ; gametophyte

B) gametophyte ; sporophyte

In plants, spores are produced by the process of ______.

A) spermatogenesis

B) meiosis

C) mitosis

D) binary fission

E) oogenesis

B) meiosis

A pollen grain in a plant represents the ____.

A) male gametophyte

B) female gametophyte

C) male sporophyte

D) female sporophyte

A) male gametophyte

In a plant, which of the following is triploid (3n)?

A) Pollen grain

B) Embryo sac

C) Seed

D) Endosperm

E) None of theses choices are correct.

D) Endosperm

Which microtubule type is paired to its correct function?

A) Polar microtubules - positioning of the spindle apparatus

B) Aster microtubules - positioning of the spindle apparatus

C) Kinetochore microtubules - separate the poles

D) Polar microtubules - bind kinetochore to centromere

B) Aster microtubules - positioning of the spindle apparatus

The chromosomal theory of inheritance was first proposed by ________.

A) Mendel

B) Boveri and Sutton

C) Darwin and Mendel

D) Weismann and Boveri

B) Boveri and Sutton

In a species of turtles, when eggs are incubated at a low temperature, the hatched turtle will be male. Eggs incubated at a high temperature yield females... This mode of sex determination is most similar to that in ______.

A) insects

B) birds

C) bees

D) alligators

D) alligators

A male produced from an unfertilized haploid egg is an example of what type of sex determination system?

A) X-Y

B) Z-W

C) X-O

D) Haplo-diploid

E) None of the answers are correct

D) Haplo-diploid

In several mammals, including some rat and shrew species, the presence of two X chromosomes means the animal will be a female, whereas having just one X chromosome dictates maleness. This mode of sex determination is most similar to that in ______.

A) other mammals

B) insects

C) bees

D) birds

B) insects

You are studying a type of cell... Cytokinesis in this cell is sensitive to myosin inhibitors. You are likely studying a/an ______.

A) plant cell

B) animal cell

C) bacterial cell

D) cell type that has not been previously studied

B) animal cell

The process where two gametes fuse with each other in the process of fertilization to begin the life of a new organism is called ______.

A) sexual reproduction

B) gametogenesis

C) asexual reproduction

D) X-linked inheritance

E) multicellularity

A) sexual reproduction

You are studying a new species of plant... What meiotic products do you expect from diploid cells that are homozygous for the tall allele and heterozygous for the leaf color alleles?

A) An equal number of Tp, tP, tp, and TP gametes

B) An equal number of TP and Tp gametes

C) An equal number of TP and tp gametes

D) 2 TP gametes for every 1 Tp gamete

B) An equal number of TP and Tp gametes

You are performing a fruit fly cross... You count the progeny, and find you have 40 red-eyed males, 80 red-eyed females, and 40 white-eyed males. What are the genotypes of the parent flies?

A) XwY and Xw+Xw+

B) XwY and Xw+Xw

C) Xw+Y and Xw+Xw

D) Xw+Y and XwXw

C) Xw+Y and Xw+Xw

Zip1 is a protein in yeast that is required for synaptonemal complex formation... where do you predict that cells lacking Zip1 will arrest?

A) Prometaphase of meiosis I

B) Metaphase of meiosis I

C) Metaphase of meiosis II

D) Between the zygotene and pachytene stages

E) Diakinesis

D) Between the zygotene and pachytene stages

Vincristine is a cancer chemotherapy drug that binds to tubulin dimers, thereby inhibiting assembly of microtubules. Where do you predict that vincristine stops the cell cycle?

A) S phase

B) Prophase

C) Metaphase

D) Telophase

C) Metaphase

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces haploid cells of two mating types, a and α... Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a/an ________ species.

A) isogamous

B) heterogamous

C) prokaryotic

D) asexual

A) isogamous

A diploid organism that you are studying has 17 pairs of chromosomes. How many total chromosomes are found in a somatic cell from this organism? A sperm cell? An egg cell?

A) 17; 16; 16

B) 17; 17; 17

C) 34; 17; 34

D) 34; 17; 17

D) 34; 17; 17

Cytokinesis in animals occurs through the formation of a __, whereas in plants a __ forms.

A) cleavage furrow; cell plate

B) cell plate; cleavage furrow

C) cleavage furrow; kinetochore

D) kinetochore; cell plate

A) cleavage furrow; cell plate

An organized structure composed of DNA and proteins in living cells that contains hereditary information in the form of genes is called a __.

A) chromosome

B) karyotype

C) centromere

D) centrosome

E) kinetochore

A) chromosome

Lutinos are considered the albino version of the green series of parakeets... Which of the following crosses would result in 50% of the offspring being lutino females?

A) ZB ZB × ZBW

B) ZB ZB × ZbW

C) Zb Zb × ZBW

D) ZB Zb × ZBW

E) ZB Zb × ZbW

C) Zb Zb × ZBW