Category 2B: Prokaryotes and Viruses

What is the difference in the cell wall of archae and bacteria?

Bacteria has peptidoglycan in cell wall while archae doesn’t

What are the cellular characteristics of bacteria?

Single circular dsDNA chromosome

No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotes?

A single circular chromosome (dsDNA)

What are the three methods of gene transfer?

Transformation, Conjugation, and Transduction

What is transformation?

When bacteria takes up DNA from surrounding environment

What is conjugation?

Transfer of DNA between bacteria through a sex pilus connecting a donor (F⁺) to a recipient (F⁻).

What is transduction?

When a bacteriophage transfers DNA between bacterial cells

How to retroviruses function and how do they impact the cel?

RNA enters cell → Reverse transcriptase turns viral RNA into dsDNA → viral DNA goes to genome and goes through transcription → viral mRNA then goes through translation and creates viral proteins