exam 2

What does FEV1 stand for in pulmonologists function tests?

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second.

What condition is characterized by irreversible airway obstruction?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

What is the key difference between COPD and asthma?

Asthma is often reversible, while COPD is irreversible.

What is Tuberculosis (TB) and how can it be tested?

TB is a bacterial infection that can be tested using the Tuberculin skin test.

What does a positive reaction in a Tuberculin skin test indicate?

Exposure to the TB bacteria.

What is the definition of latent TB?

A state where TB bacteria are present in the body but are inactive and cause no symptoms.

What is the primary factor distinguishing restrictive and obstructive disorders?

Restrictive disorders limit lung expansion, while obstructive disorders result in blocked airflow.

Give an example of an obstructive sleep disorder.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

What lab findings might indicate a patient is dehydrated?

Elevated BUN, eGFR decline, and abnormal vital signs.

What does BPH stand for?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

What can happen in children with vesicoureteral reflux?

Urine flows backward from the bladder to the kidneys, potentially causing infections.

What role does ischemia play in acute kidney failure?

It leads to reduced blood flow, impairing kidney function.

What abnormalities can occur in the menstrual cycle?

Conditions like abnormal uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, or premenstrual syndrome.

What cancer risk is associated with the BRCA1 gene mutation in women?

Increased risk of breast cancer.

What is the mode of transmission for Herpes simplex virus from mother to fetus?

Direct contact during childbirth or possibly through the placenta.

What factors increase ovarian cancer risk in women?

Family history, age, and genetic mutations.

What factors place adolescents at high risk for STIs?

Lack of knowledge, multiple partners, and inconsistent condom use.

What physical changes occur in boys during puberty?

Development of secondary sexual characteristics, like increased muscle mass and body hair.