midterm

A __________ is a category that supposedly exists objectively in nature rather than being a category humans invented.

natural kind

The term __________ refers to the belief that racial categories correspond to actual, natural divisions of humanity.

race realism

Smith argues that scientific classification of nature helped make __________ classification possible.

racial

Scientists used _______________ to decide which differences between people mattered in terms of race.

observation, measurement, classification, experimentation

A __________ describes human differences in a way resembling later racial thought, even if modern racial categories aren’t fully formed yet.

racial idiom

The theory that all humans have __________ common origin is known as monogenesis.

one

The notion that different human populations have __________ origins is referred to as polygenesis.

separate

____________ was significant because it marked a shift from understanding race through family lineage to a classification based on physical appearance and geographic distribution.

François Bernier

In the eighteenth century, Europeans often described human diversity in terms of different __________.

nations

The fabricated ‘disease’ created by Cartwright to explain why enslaved Black people ran away from slavery is called __________.

drapetomania

Eugenics is an attempt to improve the human population by controlling __________ based on beliefs about inherited traits.

reproduction

According to Seth, physicians turned differences in disease into questions about race, environment, and __________.

biological causation