STUDY GUIDE ONLY EEXAM 1

Functions of endocrine system

Regulate development growth metabolism and control digestive processes and maintain blood composition

Target cells

Cells with receptors that bind a hormone and respond to it

Process of hormone transport

Hormones enter blood travel to tissues leave blood bind target cell and change metabolism

Hormonal stimulation

One hormone triggers release of another

Humeral stimulation

Blood levels trigger hormone release

Nervous stimulation

Neural signals trigger hormone release

Steroid hormones

Cholesterol based lipid soluble intracellular receptors

Biogenic amines

Modified amino acids mostly water soluble except thyroid hormone

Protein hormones

Chains of amino acids water soluble

Local hormones

Autocrine or paracrine signals on nearby cells

Eicosanoids

Local hormones from arachidonic acid including prostaglandins thromboxane leukotrienes

Water soluble hormones

Bind surface receptors and use second messenger pathways

Lipid soluble hormones

Enter cell bind intracellular receptors and cause transcription

Why lipid soluble hormones need carriers

They cannot dissolve in watery plasma

Why water soluble hormones do not need carriers

They dissolve easily in plasma

Factors influencing hormone concentration

Rate of release and rate of elimination

Hormone elimination

Liver breakdown kidney removal and target cell uptake

Water soluble hormone half life

Short duration such as epinephrine lasting one minute

Lipid soluble hormone half life

Long duration such as testosterone lasting twelve days

Lipid soluble hormone interaction

Hormone enters cell binds receptor and triggers gene transcription

Water soluble hormone interaction

Hormone binds receptor activates G protein and produces second messenger

Up regulation

Increase in number of receptors

Down regulation

Decrease in number of receptors

Synergistic interaction

Two hormones amplify each other

Permissive interaction

One hormone must be present for another to act

Antagonistic interaction

Hormones have opposite effects

Posterior pituitary connection

Neural connection through hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

Anterior pituitary connection

Vascular connection through hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Hypothalamus hormones

ADH and oxytocin

Releasing hormones

TRH PRH GnRH CRH GHRH

Inhibiting hormones

PIH and GHIH

Pineal gland hormone

Melatonin

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

PTH increases blood calcium

Thymus hormones

Thymosin thymulin thymopoietin

Adrenal cortex hormones

Aldosterone cortisol and androgens

Adrenal medulla hormones

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pancreas hormones

Insulin and glucagon

Testes hormones

Testosterone and inhibin

Ovaries hormones

Estrogen progesterone and inhibin

Heart hormone

ANP

Kidney hormone

Erythropoietin

Liver hormones

Angiotensinogen growth factors hepcidin

Stomach hormone

Gastrin

Small intestine hormones

Secretin CCK motilin

Skin hormone

Vitamin D3

Functions of blood

Transport regulate and protect

Blood color

Bright red with oxygen and dark red with low oxygen

Average blood volume

Five liters ranging four to six liters

Blood viscosity

Four to five times thicker than water

Plasma concentration

Zero point nine percent solutes

Blood temperature

One hundred point four degrees Fahrenheit

Blood pH

Seven point three five to seven point four five

Centrifuged blood layers

RBCs forty four percent buffy coat one percent plasma fifty five percent

Hematocrit

Percentage of formed elements

Plasma composition

Ninety two percent water plus proteins and solutes

Albumin

Most abundant protein maintaining osmotic pressure

Globulins

Transport proteins

Fibrinogen

Forms fibrin for clotting

Regulatory proteins

Enzymes and hormones

Electrolytes

Maintain membrane potentials and pH

Nutrients

Provide energy and building blocks

Gases

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Wastes

Transported for removal

Hematopoiesis

Formation of blood cells

Hemocytoblast

Multipotent stem cell

Myeloid line

Forms RBCs platelets granulocytes monocytes

Lymphoid line

Forms lymphocytes

Erythrocyte function

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Leukocyte function

Immune defense

Platelet function

Blood clotting

Surface antigens

Proteins on RBC membrane

Antibodies

Proteins that bind foreign antigens

Rh factor

Presence or absence of antigen D

Agglutination

Antibodies bind antigens causing clumping

Neutrophils

Phagocytize bacteria

Eosinophils

Attack parasites and remove antigen antibody complexes

Basophils

Release histamine and heparin

Lymphocytes

Coordinate immune response and produce antibodies

Monocytes

Become macrophages and remove debris

EPO function

Increases RBC production

Hemostasis

Vascular spasm platelet plug and coagulation

Intrinsic pathway

Triggered by internal vessel damage

Extrinsic pathway

Triggered by external trauma

Anemia

Low RBC count or low hemoglobin

Leukemia

Cancer of leukocytes

Hemophilia

Deficiency of clotting factors

Hypercoagulation

Excessive clotting

Perfusion

Blood delivered per minute per gram of tissue

Cardiac circulation

Blood supply to myocardium

Pulmonary circulation

Right heart to lungs to left heart

Systemic circulation

Left heart to body to right heart

Fibrous pericardium

Anchors heart and prevents overfilling

Parietal layer

Middle serous layer

Visceral layer

Epicardium

Pericardial cavity

Space with serous fluid

Epicardium

Outer heart wall layer

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle layer that pumps blood

Endocardium

Inner heart wall layer

Right heart

Contains deoxygenated blood