Microanatomy

Types of granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Basophil

Have high affinity IgE receptors & histamine, immune response to parasites

Eosinophil

Majority reside in tissue, respond to worms

Monocyte

Phagocytic, can mature into macrophages

Hematopoesis

Derived from pluripotent stem cells and differentiate into lymphoid and myeloid precursor

Erythropoiesis

Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Reticulocyte

Stage of erythropoiesis where nucleus has been extruded

Granulopoiesis

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band formation

Monopoiesis

Monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte

Granulopoiesis

Basophilic promayelocyte, basophilic myelocyte, basophilic metamyelocyte, basophilic band

Lipofuscin

Brown granular waste in cytoplasm

Fibroblast

Produce collegen and elastin

Fiber Type

Collagen, reticulin, elastin

Collagen Type I

Structural collagen, found in skin, tendons, ligaments, bone

Collagen Type II

Structure of hyaline cartilage and consists of fibrils

Collagen Type III

Forms reticular meshwork, found in highly cellular tissues such as liver and bone marrow

Collagen Type IV

Network mesh collagen, found in basement membranes

Collagen Type VII

Found in anchoring fibrils that link extracellular matrix to basement membrane

Elastin

Synthesized by fibroblasts, present in lung, skin, urinary bladder, blood vessels. Provide elasticity and recoil

Ground Substance

Made of glycoproteins and complex carbs to bind water. Fills space between cells & fibers and absorbs compression

Basement Membrane

Made of extracellular matrix proteins. Interface between support tissue and epithelial cells,. Forms limiting membrane arround connective tissue, regulate permeability

Hyaluronic Acid

Type of glycosaminoglycan, important in joints

Layers of basement membrane

Lamina lucida, densa, reticularis

Lamina Reticularis

Deepest layer of basement membrane, fuses with fibrous underlying support tissue

Myofibroblasts

Repair version of fibroblast

Granulation tissue

Made up of mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts

Areolar Tissue

Loose connective tissue, made of collagen and elastic & ground substance. Vascular

Dense regular fibrous CT

Made up of parallel collagen fibers to resist stress. Found in tendons & ligaments

Dense irregular fibrous CT

Collagen fibers are randomly arranged to resist unpredictable stress. Found in dermis & pericardium

Reticular CT

Loose CT out of reticular fibers and ground substance, fibroblasts and WBC. Found in liver & lymph nodes

Adipose Tissue

Made up of adipocytes and collagen fibers, vascularized & stores energy

Brown adipose

Rich in mitochondria, regulates non-shivering thermogenesis during vulnerable periods. Found in adrenal gland

Basal surface

Faces basement membrane

Apical surface

Faces outward

Roles of simple epithelium

Selective diffusion, absorption and secretion for gas and fluid exchange

Locations of simple epithelium

Alveoli, blood vessels, loop of henle

Role of simple cuboidal

Excretion, secretion and absorption

Location of simple cuboidal

Kidney tubules, exocrine, rete

Role of simple columnar

Absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes

Locations of simple columnar

Absorptive surfaces in small intestine, secretory surfaces in stomach, gallbladder

Location of simple columnar ciliated

Female reproductive tract

Pseudostratifed columnar location

Respiratory tract

Transitional epithelium location

Urinary tract

Stratified squamous location

Oral cavity, epiglottus, esophagus, vagina

Stratum corneum

Superior stratified squamous made of keratin matrix

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Large exocrine glands like salivary ducts

Hemidesmosomes

Bind base of cell to underlying basement membrane

Claudins

Allow passage of selected cations between cells

Types of adhering junctions

Adhesion belt, desmosome, hemidesmosome

Location of hyaline cartilage

Nasal septum, larynx, articular surface

Location of fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Location of elastic cartilage

External ear, epiglottis

Merocrine

Exocytosis secretion

Apocrine

Discharge of membrane bound vesicles containing secretions. Found in breasts and sweat glands

Holocrine

Discharge and disintegration of cell to secrete. Found in sebaceous

Location of simple tubular glands

Goblet cells

Location of simple coiled tubular glands

Sweat

Location of simple branched tubular glands

Stomach

Barrett’s esophagus

Stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium

Endomysium

Layer between individual muscle cells

Perimysium

Layer surrounding individual fasiculi, composed of collagen

Epimysium

Collagenous sheath binding groups of fascicles

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane of muscles

Genetic cause of Duchenne

Mutation in distrophin gene. Manifests in early childhood

Genetic cause of Becker

Mutation in dystrophin gene. Manifests at later age

Desmin

Intermediate filements of smooth mucle cross link with focal densities

Phasic smooth muscle contraction

Action potentia

Tonic smooth muscle contractions

Slow, no action potentials, low fast myosin

Calmodulin

Binds to calcium to activate myosin kinase and produce contraction

Multipolar neuron roles

Motor

Bipolar neuron role

Senses smell, sight, balance

Kinesin

Molecular motor used for anterograde movement

Dynein

Molecular motor for retrograde movement

Nissil substance

Aggregate of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mesaxon

Channel left behind during myelination process

Endoneurium

Loose vascular supporting tissue surrounding each nerve fiber

Perineurium

Collagenous tissue of flat epithelial cells that surrounds each fascicle

Epineurium

Loose collagenous tissue that binds neuronal fasicles together