AP BIO Unit 2 Flashcards

choose your own adventure 2

Cytosol

the water based fluid inside a cell that surrounds the internal structures and organelles.

Eukaryotic cell

a complex cell type defined by a membrane bound nucleus that houses its genetic material and various specialized, membrane bound structures called organelles.

prokaryotic cell

a simple, single celled organism that does not have a nucleus or other membrane bound parts inside.

Nucleoid

an irregularly shaped region inside a prokaryotic cell that contains the cell’s genetic material.

Cytoplasm

thick, jelly like liquid that fills the inside of a cell and is enclosed by the membrane.

plasma membrane

a thin, flexible barrier that surround all living cells and separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

nucleus

the central, most important part of an object, cell, or group, acting as the core around which other elements form.

chromosomes

a thread like structure made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that carries genomic information from cell to cell

chromatin

a complex mixture of DNA, RNA, and proteins that packages genetic material into a tight, dense shape inside a cell’s nucleus.

nucleolus

the largest, dense spherical structure located inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

ribosomes

tiny molecular machines inside cells that build proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

a large, continuous network of membranes forming flattened sacs and tubes inside the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

smooth ER

a membrane bound cell organelle made of a network of tube like structures that lacks ribosomes on its surface

rough ER

a network of flattened, membrane bound sacs inside eukaryotic cells that is studded with ribosomes and responsible for making and processing proteins

glycoproteins

complex molecules made of proteins with sugar chains attached to them

golgi apparatus

a membrane bound cell organelle that modifies, sports, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to different locations inside and outside the cell.

lysosomes

membrane bound organelles found in animal cells that act as the cell’s garbage disposal and recycling center

phagocytosis

the cellular process where a cell engulfs and digests large, solid particles like bacteria, viruses, or dead tissue

mitchrondia

tiny structures inside cells that produce most of the chemical energy needed to power cellular activity

Chloroplasts

a specialized part inside plant cells and certain algae that turns sunlight into food

cristae

the folds or inward projections of the inner membrane in a mitochondrion

mitochrondia matrix

the innermost compartment of a mitochondrion enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane.

cell wall

a tough, outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane of certain cells to give them shape, strength, and protection

selective permeability

a property of a cell membrane that allows certain molecules and ions to pass through while blocking others.

amphipathic

a chemical compound containing both a hydrophilic region and hydrophobic region within its structure

fluid mosaic model

describes the cell membrane as a flexible, two dimensional liquid where various molecules drift, bend, and flow

integral proteins

a type of protein that is permanently attached and embedded within the cell’s lipid bilayer membrane

peripheral proteins

molecules that attach temporarily to the exterior or interior surface of a cell membrane without crossing into its hydrophobic core

aquaporins

specialized integral membrane proteins that form channels to let water molecules move quickly in and out of cells

diffusion

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out

concentration gradient

the difference in the amount of a substance between two connected areas

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using cellular energy

osmosis

the natural movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

isotonic

having equal tension or equal osmotic pressure, resulting in no net movement of water across a cell membrane

hypertonic

having a higher concentration of solutes compared to another fluid, or exhibiting abnormally high muscle tome and tension

hypotonic

a hypotonic solution with a lower solute concentration than another fluid, or muscle tissue that has decreased tone and tension

turgid

swollen, distended, or excessively pompous and boring in style or language

flaccid

soft, limp, or lacking firmness and muscle tone

plasmolysis

the shrinking of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from a plant cell’s rigid cell wall caused by water loss through osmosis in a hypertonic environment

facilitated diffusion

the passive movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane via specific transmembrane proteins, moving down a concentration gradient without using cellular energy

active transport

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration to an area of higher concentration, using cellular energy

sodium-potassium pump

a vital proteins found in the cell membrane of all animals cells that uses cellular energy to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

cotransport

secondary active transport where a membrane transport protein couples the movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient to move another molecule against its concentration gradient

exocytosis

an active transport process where a cell moves large materials out of its interior by packing them into a membrane bound sac called a vesicle, which then fuses with the outer cell membrane to release its contents

phagocytosis

the cellular process where a cell engulfs and digests large, solid particle like bacteria, viruses, or dead tissue

pinocytosis

a cellular process where a cell swallows extracellular fluids and dissolved small molecules by folding its outer membrane inward

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a targeted cellular process where cells absorb specific extracellular molecules by binding them to specific extracellular molecules by binding them to specific receptor proteins on the cell surface

ligands

a molecule that binds specifically to a larger biomolecule to trigger a biological response or form a complex