CHEM 100: Atoms to Cells Numbers

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67 Terms

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E. Coli Cell Length

2 µm (micrometers)

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E. Coli Cell Diameter

1 µm (micrometer)

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E. Coli Cell Volume

1 µm3 (micrometer cubed) = 10-15 liters = 1 femtoliter

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E. Coli Cell Mass

1 pg (picogram)

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E. Coli Generation Time (time between cell divisions)

1 hour

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Avogadro's Constant

6×10²³

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210

approx. 1000

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220

410 = approx. 106

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Deci (d)

10-1

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Centi (c)

10-2

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Milli (m)

10⁻³

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Micro (µ)

10-6

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Nano (n)

10-9

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Pico (p)

10-12

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Femto (f)

10-15

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Atto (a)

10-18

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Zepto (z)

10-21

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Yocto (y)

10-24

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Deca (da)

101

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Hecto (ha)

102

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Kilo (k)

10³

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Mega (M)

10⁶

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Giga (G)

10⁹

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Tera (T)

10¹²

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Peta (P)

10¹⁵

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Exa (E)

1018

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Zetta (Z)

1021

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Yotta (Y)

1024

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e7

10³

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100.1

1.3

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sqrt(2)

1.4

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sqrt(0.5)

0.7

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ln(10)

2.3

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ln(2)

0.7

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log10(2)

0.3

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log10(3)

0.5

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log2(10)

3

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Seconds in a year

pi x 107

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Seconds in a day

105

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Hours in a year

104

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Cells in the human body

4×1013

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Yeast Cell Volume

30 micrometers cubed = 30 femtoliters

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Yeast Cell Diameter

5 micrometers

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Yeast Generation Time

3 hours

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Mammalian (HeLa) Cell Volume

3000 femtoliter

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Mammalian (HeLa) Cell Diameter

20 micrometers

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Mammalian (HeLa) Cell Generation Time

1 day

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Number of bacterial cells in the human gut

4×1013

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Mean diameter of a protein (true for E. coli, yeast, and humans)

4-5 nanometers

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Number of proteins per μm3 of cell volume (true for E. coli, yeast, and humans

2-4 x 10^6

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Average distance between proteins in living cells (according to Hoffman)

<10 nanometers

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Diameter of a water molecule

0.3 nanometers

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Rate of transcription for genes in E. coli

80 nucleotides per second

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Rate of translation for mRNAs in E. coli

20 amino acids per second

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Diffusion time for a small molecule across an E. coli cell

0.001 seconds (1 millisecond)

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Diffusion time for a protein across an E. coli cell

0.01 seconds (1 centi-second)

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Time scale for transitions between protein states (ex. inactive —> active)

1-100 microseconds

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Diffusion time for small molecule across HeLa cell

0.1-1 seconds

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Diffusion time for protein across HeLa cell

1-10 seconds

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Time scale for binding of a transcription factor to a DNA site (E. coli, yeast, HeLa)

1 second

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Time to transcribe a gene in HeLa cells (including mRNA processing)

30 minutes

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Time to translate a protein in HeLa cells (including mRNA export from nucleus)

30 minutes

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Size of E. coli genome

4.6 Mbp

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Number of protein coding genes in E. coli

4300

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Typical gene length in E. coli

~1000 base pairs

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E. coli cell - diploid or haploid?

Haploid!

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Mutation rate in E. coli

10^-10 mutations per base pair per replication of the genome