Chapter_19_biochem_q

Citric Acid Cycle

A central metabolic pathway involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to produce energy.

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolic processes that require oxygen to produce energy from nutrients.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolic processes that occur without oxygen, often yielding less energy.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC)

A multi-enzyme complex that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

Amphibolic Pathway

A metabolic pathway that involves both catabolic and anabolic processes.

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A coenzyme that acts as an acyl group carrier in metabolic reactions.

Oxidative Decarboxylation

A reaction that involves the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule, producing CO2 and energy.

Glyoxylate Cycle

A metabolic pathway that enables certain organisms to convert two-carbon units into four-carbon units for glucose synthesis.

Anaplerotic Reaction

Reactions that replenish citric acid cycle intermediates that are used in biosynthesis.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

The direct synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate during metabolic processes.

NAD+

An electron carrier involved in redox reactions; accepts electrons to form NADH.

FADH2

A reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide that acts as an electron carrier in the citric acid cycle.

Citrate Synthase (CS)

The enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate.

Regulatory Enzymes

Enzymes that control the rate of metabolic pathways and their activity is often modulated by factors such as ATP/ADP ratio.