Geography exam

Human Wellbeing:

The overall quality of life, happiness, health, and economic security of a population.

Quantitative Indicators:

Objective, numerical metrics used to measure quality of life (e.g., GDP per capita, Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate).

Qualitative Indicators:

Subjective, non-numerical measures of wellbeing (e.g., self-reported happiness, freedom of speech, safety perceptions).

Human Development Index (HDI):

A composite summary statistic measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development (life expectancy, education, GNI per capita).

Spatial Variation:

How geographical features, human conditions, or resources change across different locations on Earth.

Sustainability:

Practices that meet current economic and social needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Ecosystem:

A community of interacting living organisms (biotic) and their non-living physical environment (abiotic).

Isobars:

Lines drawn on a synoptic weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure.

Life expectancy:

Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is statistically likely to live.

GDP:

GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product, which is the total monetary value of all final goods and services made inside a country during a set time, such as one year.

Literacy rate:

The literacy rate is the percentage of people in a specific group and age range who can read and write.

OECD:

The OECD is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, an international group of countries that work together to promote free markets, economic growth, and better social policies.

HDI:

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a tool created by the United Nations to measure a country's average success in health, education, and standard of living.

Fertility rate:

A fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.

Infant mortality:

Infant mortality is the death of a child before their first birthday.

Child mortality:

Child mortality is the death of children under the age of five

Choropleth map:

A choropleth map is a thematic map that uses colors or shading to show data values across geographic regions, like states, countries, or counties

Cartogram:

A cartogram is a specialized thematic map where the geographic size or shape of areas is intentionally warped or distorted to be directly proportional to a specific data variable (like population, wealth, or election results) rather than their actual physical land area.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS):

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer framework used to capture, manage, analyze, and visualize spatial or geographic data.

Scatter plot:

A scatter plot (or scattergram) is a data visualization tool that uses dots to represent the relationship between two numerical variables.

Food security:

Food security means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food.

Climate change:

Climate change is a long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns, mainly driven by human activities like burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, and farming.

Demographic:

A demographic is a specific group of people or a set of statistical data defined by shared traits such as age, gender, and income.

Population pyramid:

A population pyramid is a special graph that shows how a country's people are split by age and sex.

Gender inequalities:

Gender inequality is the unequal treatment or perception of individuals based on their gender, resulting in unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities.

Non-government Organisations (NGOs):

Non-government Organisations (NGOs) are non-profit groups that operate independently of government bodies to address social, environmental, or humanitarian issues.

Environmental Change:

Any alter, disturbance, or transformation in the environment caused by natural processes (e.g., storms, volcanic activity) or human activities (e.g., deforestation, climate change, pollution).

Environmental Management:

The strategies, policies, and actions implemented by governments, organizations, and individuals to protect, restore, and sustainably use natural environments for current and future generations.

Bio-physical Processes:

The natural physical, chemical, and biological interactions occurring within an ecosystem that shape environments, such as water cycling, soil erosion, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling.

Synoptic Chart:

A weather map showing atmospheric conditions—such as air pressure (isobars), wind patterns, and weather fronts—over a specific geographic region at a given point in time.