History 1001 - Midterm Review

Violent Domination  

Under the master’s extreme power (through threat or violence) 

Natal Alienation 

• Separated from their family, ancestors, community, and natural rights 

• Perpetual Slavery 

  • Familial relationships are completely cut (all gens are cut off)  

• Incipient Slavery 

  • Gens before the salve are but off; gens after are not (their children aren't considered salves)  

Dishonor 

Denied honor/social respect because they have no independent power or recognized social existence 

Slaveholding Society  

Salves are present but not essential to the running of society  

Slave Society  

Slaves are present but, in some way, essential to the society  

Penal Slavery  

Enslavement through the Criminal Justice System  

Intrusive Conception 

Winners would take the losers in as slaves  

Extrusive Conception  

A person who was a criminal becomes a slave so they can live  

Loess  

Silt in suspension in the water gives the Yellow River its hue and name  

Shang

• Family of aristocrats 

• The earliest written records in the early second millennium  

• Practiced Divination   

Divination  

The practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means  

Zhou

• Came after the Shang Dynasty 

• The Zhou was the longest lasting and most respected of all dynasties  

• The Zhou was the longest lasting and most respected of all dynasties  

  • Mandate of heaven  

Mandate of heaven  

The new ruler (the Zhou) was chosen by the supreme deity and would stay in power as long as he did good  

Legalism  

• A political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state force and control 

• People were corrupt, and there was a need for law  

Confucius  

• Created the first school

• Emphasized benevolence, avoidance of violence, justice, rationalism, loyalty, and dignity  

Daoism

The 'path:’ accepted the world as it is, avoid violence, minimal action on a task 

Yin and Yang  

• Rationalized the difference between male/female activates  

• Yin – shady side of a mountain, female  

• Yang – bright side of a mountain, male  

• Concept of School of Thought (philosophical thoughts) 

• Emerge as its own philosophy but was integrated by other philosophies 

• Was adapted by Daoism and Confucianism  

Serfs  

Unfree peasants who worked on the lands of the aristocrats  

Shamanism  

• Indigenous religion  

• Acted as intermediaries between people and spirits  

• Provided talismans for protection  

Di  

• Chief sky god of the Shang  

• Propitiation of the Di acted as an ideology of Shang rule 

  • The dead ancestors looked over the present rules  

Oracle Bones  

Used for divination – take a turtle (shell) or cow (scapular bone), write a question, and burn the shell/bone to get an answer (it would break, giving them an answer)  

Lady Hao  

• Aristocratic combat skill was not limited to men  

• First-named martial artist  

• Was buried with the three most significant weapons (axe, dagger-axe, bow) 

Axe  

Symbol of authority; was used to punish soldiers  

Dagger-Axe (ge) 

• Was used in battle  

• Unique to China  

Bow 

• Oldest weapon in China 

• Originally made of wooden sticks with animal guts for strings (commoners)  

• Made of bone, sinew, and wood glued together (only aristocrats had this)  

Composite Bow  

• Used by the aristocrats (hunting) 

• Needed accuracy and coordination

Infantry  

Foot soldier  

Open Formation  

Spread out to have room for their weapon (dagger-axe)  

Chariot 

• Originally for transportation but turned into a combat vehicle  

• Shang 2 horses; Zhou 4 horses   

Halberd  

• Used by the Zhou 

• Mix of spear and axe

Book of Changes  

• A form of divination 

• Attributed to King Wen 

• Would take yarrow sticks and drop them to the ground to get a number, then look in the book to get answers   

Daoism 

• Higher form of indigenous religion  

• Took shape in the Eastern Zhou  

• Began with the Classic of the Way of Virtue  

• held concepts of Yin and Yang as well as Wu-Wei

Laozi 

• Authored the Classic of the Way of Virtue  

• Philosopher  

Literati Daoism 

Philosophical, abstract, and individualistic engagement with Daoist 

Alchemy 

• West: manipulation of elements  

• China:  

  • External  

    • develop a compound that would act as immortality 

  • Internal 

    • used special patrices to emphasize health and longevity  

Wu-Wei 

• Without action/control/effort  

• To be soft and flow  

• Concept of Daoism  

Devotional Daoism 

• Deified Laozi (creator of Daoism)  

• Prayed to Laozi and other spirits  

Highest Clarity  

A group of organized priests, scriptures, and temples  

Qin

• Came after the Zhou

• Conquered its rivals and created China’s first empire 

• Unified northern and central China  

• Lasted 15 years  

Shi Huangdi (Zheng)  

• The first emperor 

• Came to power when he was 13 

Han Dinasty  

• Came after the Qin Dynasty   

• Founded by Liu Bang  

• Lasted over 4 centuries  

• Created the idea of imperial government  

Gaozu  

The new emperor of the Han Dynasty 

Sima Qian  

• Created the definitive form of historical writing in China  

• Known as the father of history (China)  

Battle of Muye  

The Shang was replaced by the Zhou 

Mozi  

• Found the school of thought of Mohism (universal love, social order, following the will of heaven, honoring the worthy)  

• Also offered military service (siege)  

• Criticized Confucianism  

• He believed to only fight on defense  

Li (ritual)  

Etiquette, respect of elders, ceremonies, religious rituals  

Ren (humanness)  

Do good for others to do good for yourself; good karma 

5 Fundamental Relationships  

• Ruler to subject  

• Parent to child  

• Soup to spouse  

• Older sibling to younger sibling  

• Older friend to younger friend 

• These relationships will determine destiny  

Mencius  

• Period thinker 

• 4th generation disciple of Confucius  

• People are inherently good, and with virtue, people would live harmoniously  

Xunzi 

• Period thinker  

• Third major thinker  

• Was at odds with Mencius  

• He believed that human nature is evil and that education and ritual were the key to self-cultivation

Hanfeizi 

• Period thinker  

• Creator of Legalism  

• Against Confucianism  

Li Si  

• Prime minister of Qin  

• Burning texts and books of Confucianism—believe they were a check to the government  

Sunzi  

• Philosopher and military strategist  

• Wrote the Art of War  

• Relied on knowledge rather than army size to win  

Bronze sword  

• Least influential weapon  

• Soldier could thrust and swing 

Spear  

This allowed for a closed formation combat

Crossbow  

• Transformed infantry  

• Slower than the composted bow but needed less training (commoners could use it)

Siege  

When the defenders hid in the castle and shot down the enemy  

Lamellar armor  

• Dragon-scale-looking armor  

• Resisted crossbows and iron swords

Calvary  

Soldiers on horses  

Repeating Crossbow  

• Created after the Warring States period  

• Used on a large scale by the Han

Ming Empire 

• Reestablished many practices that are seen as purely Chinese traditions  

• came after the Yuan Dynasty

Yongle  

• Third emperor of the Ming Empire 

• Returned the capital to Beijing  

• Restored commercial links with the Middle East 

Zheng He  

• Imperial eunuch  

Vedas  

• The oldest sacred scriptures of Hinduism  

• This is what the Vedic Age is named after 

Varna (color) 

A system of four classes 

1. Brahmin: priests and scholars 

2. Kshatriya: warriors and officials  

3. Vaishya: Merchants, artisans, and landowners  

4. Shudra: peasants and laborers 

Another class was added later, but it is not part of the Varna System  

• Untouchables 

  • They were excluded from the class system  

Jati  

• Birth groups  

• These people lived, married, and ate within their group

Karma  

• Deeds: The new life is determined by how the current life is lived  

• If you are in a lower/higher class, that means you previously did bad/good deeds 

Moksha  

• Liberation  

• Being released from the cycle of reincarnation

Buddha (the enlightened one)

• Siddartha Gautama  

• Was prophesized to either be a great ruler or enlightened teacher  

• He founded the “Fourth Noble Truths"  which were based on the 8fold path

• Believed that the ultimate reward was nirvana (snuffing out the flame) 

Mahayana Buddhism 

Great Vehicle - short version (Chian)  

Theravada Buddhism 

Teachings of the Elder - traditional  

Hinduism  

• The evolution of Vedic religion  

• Vishnu and Shiva: the only two deities that remained in Hinduism  

Contract 

• Who is the author of this document? 

  • The mother of the 11-year-old girl that she is selling and the wife of a dead man 

• Why do you imagine it was made? 

  • To record the sale of the girl  

• What can you surmise from this document about the nature of private slavery in southern China? 

  • People could be sold because of poverty  

  • Families can sell their children 

  • It was treated as a legal transaction  

  • The purchaser had control over the girl, such as changing her name 

  • The purchaser can arrange her to become a wife or concubine  

Wei Zhongxien  

• Who was Wei Zhongxian, and what did he become?  

  • He was a eunuch who rose to power in the Ming government  

• What was his emperor like? 

  • He was young and not interested in governing  

  • Preferred woodworking, so he left the government work for Wei  

• How did people greet him in the streets? 

  • Kneeled and bowed to Wei as if he were the emperor

  • Said “nine thousand years” since 10 was for the real emperor  

Polies

Greek city-state (rural)  

Acropolis 

Highest point of the polis   

Agora 

Open space (meeting ground for important social events) 

Agon 

Competition/Contest (the center of Greek life) 

Hellenes  

To distinguish Greeks from non-Greeks  

Barbaroi  

Barbarian—the term Greeks used for those who were non-Greek  

Homer  

Poet – gave insight on warfare through poetry  

Closed Formation  

Greek soldiers fought together because they used shields (shield wall)  

Phalanx  (group)

Soldiers fighting in close formation—heavily armed infantry  

Hoplite  (individual)

• Soldiers who were in a phalanx (farmers with little training)  

• Needs to have land to become a hoplite  

Sacrifice 

Public religious practice (roasting/killing/eating of an animal)  

Alter 

Where public religious practice (roasting/killing/eating of an animal)  

Apeturia  

Boys introduced to religious brotherhood by their fathers/uncles 

Artemis 

The place where 13-14-year-old girls were taken and wore bear skin and reemerged as marriable women into society  

All Athens Festival  

Happened every year in Athens (would slaughter cows in hopes of gaining forgiveness from Athena)  

Athena  

Patrion of Athens  

Mystery Rites (cults)  

Private relationships with the spirit world  

Demeter (mother)/Kore (daughter) a.k.a Persephone 

Deity for fruitful agriculture  

Hades  

• God of the Underworld (kidnapped Persephone)—her kidnapping represents the change of seasons  

• Zeus's brother  

Isis  

Curing the sick deity (brought her husband back to life to have a kid) - he was like a zombie 

Delphi 

Sanctuary of Apollo – center of the universe for the Greeks – no evil was done in fear of Apollo   

Enthousiasmos  

Form of divination (Apollo would infuse himself into his priestess and speak through her)  

Diongsus (Opposite of Apollo)  

• God of party/women/song/orgy/wild (practiced enthousiasmos, but it was more dangerous)  

• Would possess women who ran and ripped men apart  

Delphi Council 

Housed representatives of each city-state of Greece (enemies couldn't kill each other because this was the Apollon's sanctuary and they feared punishment)  

Pythian Games 

Games dedicated to Apollo  

Olympic Games 

Games dedicated to Zeus