Concorde Exam One Review

Flashcards for exam one

Anatomy

The study of the physical body structure.

Physiology

How its supposed to work (functions).

Pathology

The study of disease.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Refers to the back of the body.

Anterior (Ventral)

Refers to the front of the body.

Caudal

Directional term meaning down.

Cranial (Directional)

Directional term meaning up.

Proximal

Refers to the position closest to the midsection.

Distal

Refers to the position farther apart from the midsection.

Sagittal

Cuts the body in half (in the middle nose down).

Frontal

Cuts the body in half in the middle.

Transverse

Cuts the body top to bottom in the middle.

Cranial Cavity

Body cavity containing the brain.

Thoracic Cavity

Body cavity referring to the chest.

Diaphragm

The separator between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Pedal pulse

Pulse located on the top of the foot.

Homeostasis

The way the body reacts and stays in balance.

Negative feedback mechanism

A mechanism where one goes up and one goes down to maintain balance in extracellular and intracellular fluid.

Positive feedback Loop

When something happens and the body wants to make it more, such as in pregnant delivery, where things go in the same direction.

Skeletal system

System consisting of bones and joints providing support, protection, and movement.

Muscular system

System consisting of muscles for movement, support, and heat.

Lymphatic System

System including the Thymus, Bone marrow, liver, and spleen for immunity and transportation of fats.

Respiratory system

Includes lungs, nasal passages, mouth, and nose to take in oxygen and blow out $CO_2$.

Urinary system

Filtration system including the kidney, ureter, uterus, bladder, sphincter, and urethra.

Acute (Mechanism of Disease)

Refers to something new in the body.

Chronic

Refers to an ongoing health issue.

Microorganisms

Tiny, microscopic entities capable of carrying on living processes.

Nonpathogenic

Harmless entities that do not produce disease.

Pathogenic

Entities that cause specific diseases or infections.

Asepsis

The absence of pathogenic microorganisms.

Medical asepsis

Techniques that inhibit growth and transmission, such as washing hands.

Surgical asepsis

Sterile techniques that destroy microorganisms and spores through chemical or heating processes.

Cocci

Round-shaped bacteria.

Bacilli

Oblong-shaped bacteria.

Spirochete

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

Aerobic

Organisms that only grow with Oxygen.

Anaerobic

Organisms that grow in the absence of Oxygen.

Viruses

Smallest known agents that inject their own DNA into cellular processes to change cellular activity.

Antibiotics

Created for bacterial infections and do not target viruses.

Fungi

Mycotic infection involving yeast and mold.

Protozoa

Single-celled organisms, such as malaria.

Vectors

Living carriers of disease, such as a mosquito.

Fomite

Inanimate (nonliving) objects that can carry disease, such as stethoscopes or phones.

Skin

The number one defense mechanism and protective barrier of the body.

Incubation period

The period where the organism is present in the body.

Prodromal Period

The period when symptoms start to appear.

Acute period (Infection)

The period when the infection is fully developed.

Localized

Superficial infection with symptoms that are tender at a specific site.

Systemic

Infection that effects the entire body instead of just a single part, having the potential to be fatal.

Exogenous

Growing outside the body.

Endogenous

Growing within the body.

Cytoplasm

A substance found only in cells.

Organelles

Specialized structures found within the cytoplasm.

Passive transport

Movement that does not require energy, occurring "down concentration gradient."

Diffusion

A passive process where substances scatter throughout available space from high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water when some solutes cannot cross the membrane.

Dialysis

The diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane.

Filtration

The movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of the membrane, responsible for urine formation.

Active transport

Movement of substances "up in the concentration gradient" which requires energy from $ATP$.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, produced in the mitochondria.

Ion Pumps

A protein complex in the cell membrane that uses energy from $ATP$ to move substances like glucose and amino acids.

Phagocytosis

A protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria.

Pinocytosis

Used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells.

Mitosis

The process in which cell division occurs, making heredity possible.

Prophase

Stage where chromatin granules become organized, chromosomes appear, and spindle fibers appear.

Metaphase

Stage where everything moves out to the side so the cell can be pulled apart and split evenly.

Anaphase

Stage of mitosis characterized by breaking up and pulling apart.

Telophase

Stage resulting in fully formed auto cells.

Atrophy

A decrease in the size of individual cells, resulting in a decreasing size of tissue.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an increasing size of tissue.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers the body and cavities, including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional types.