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Rib vaults

A vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them.

Old St. Peter's Basilica (begun ca. 333 CE)

Begun in 333 Ce, was the typical thing we think of when we think of churches with it being similar to that of people worshipping in private houses. this building represents a change from the private houses to that of the imperial buildings

Constantine the Great

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) ruled 306-337 CE

Moves capital to Byzantium 330 CE

Legalizes Christianity (protected religion of state) 313 CE

Petrine claims

the claims that the pope is regarded as having inherited from st peter

Papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Early Christian and Byzantine Atrium (compare atrium in Roman house)

the atrium is in the front of the church, which separates the clergy from the congregation. this is different from a roman house

Narthex

A porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave, entrance or lobby area of a church, which separates the building into different pieces (bottom of cross in a typical plan) (where people who weren't in the church could stand to listen to mass)

Semi-domed apse

in most churches, the apse faces the east and it is decorated with mosaics and is in the back (top of cross in a typical plan, rounded) (altar is placed/clergy are seated)

Transept

Perpendicular to the rest of the church and allowed for better crowd circulation (perpendicular section of the cross in a typical plan) (housing more of the crowd)

Wooden roof

shows a break from Roman architecture by not being so concerned with stone

Spolia-reused columns

it represents a transition from the classical age to a new type of architecture. there is brick faced concrete

S. Maria Maggiore basilica, 432-440 CE

It is the best preserved of early christian basilicas and was built by Pope Sixtus the third. has a clerestory (windows above the nave to admit light into the central parts of the building), nave, large scale altar with semi domed apse. also has a triumphal arch over the apse, there are columns with side aisles that are spoil

Justinian ruled 527-565

compiled Roman laws into a code called the Justinian code, which was at the time of the roman empire being under threat from tribes in a state of chaos

San Vitale, Ravenna, 532-48 CE

the mosaic shows the emperor in a crown, showing the complete unification of church and state. this is located in Ravenna, this emphasizes a centralized floor plan instead of the longitudinal plan of other basilicas. lots of windows and plain exterior with the emphasis inside. the liturgy took place on the ground floor as people watched from above. the columns are flattened

Centralized vs. longitudinal plan

the centralized plan was circular because jesus was the beginning and end of everything

Greek vs. Latin cross

Latin: a cross in which the vertical member is longer than the horizontal member it intersects

Greek: cross with four arms of equal length

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532-537

Emperor Justinian

Engineers Anthemius of Thralles and Isodoros of Miletus

Dome on pendentives (triangular segment of a spherical surface) vs. dome on drum (Pantheon)

the greatest church in constantinople, it was built in 532 it is like a basilica but with the Pantheons dome on top of it

Muslim conquest of Roman world, beginning in 7th Century

Arab-Byzantine Wars

Charles Martel, battle of Poitiers, 732

Muslims turned back in France, aka Battle of Tours

Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, 961-76

a version of a Roman basilica with a forest of columns. it ornaments the structural system. horseshoe shapes and arches, Moorish architecture

Lion's court at Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 1354-91

Muqarnas-stalactite vaults (honeycomb)

It is the islamic version of a peristyle court, which is hoped to be heaven

Renovatio Imperii

Restoration/Renovation of the Roman Empire

Charlemagne, (c. 742-814)

crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, Christmas Day, 800

new period of stability set in after that and he established monasteries and took back roman and greek learning. was crowned in ST PETERS

(Gothic) Abbey of St. Denis, Westworks (entrance facade and narthex) and chevet (with choir, ambulatory and radiating chapels) 1140-44; compare Durham Cathedral

this is the start of the Gothic style. it has pointed arches and groin vaults, stained glass, and exterior supports with thin walls and tracery

chevet = eastern end, usually head, of a church

Abbot Suger

head of the St. Denis Monastery and had an obsession with light, because of the Gospel of John, a certain strain of theology, and Dionysus

"Theology of light" (light=divinity),Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite, Gospel of John

Cathedral of Notre Dame (Our Lady) at Chartres from 1194

flying buttresses

plate tracery Gothic

-France

-Many Architects over time

-High Gothic

-Latin cross, flying buttresses, transepts, towers in different styles, diaphanous skeletal structure, plate tracery windows, pointed arches

Rayonnant: plate vs. bar tracery (compare West facade of Chartres with South transept

facade)

the period between about 1250-1340 where there was a shift in focus away from high scale to a repetition of decorative motifs at different scales. the church in paris called the st. chapelle is an example

The buttresses, bar tracery, and emphasis on vertical style are examples of the Rayonnant.

bar = glass dominates

plate = stone dominates

Reims Cathedral, begun c.1235

- Rose Window, stained glass

- 3 portals with sculptures

- Facades of transepts decorated with sculptures

- Nave, transepts, choir with aisles

- ambulatory apse with radiating chapels

Paris, Ste. Chapelle, 1243-8. True Cross reliquary chapel, Louis IX; "the Court Style"

Rayonnant style of Gothic. Louis IX commissioned it to hold his relics, and this building brought him to power. The buttresses, bar tracery, and emphasis on vertical style are examples of the Rayonnant. Lastly, it has pointed arches and the outside looks plain and the floor plan is like a jewelry box

it is in the shape of a reliquary (container for holy elements) and then the emphasis is on the inside, which makes it starkly contrast that of the classical style

True Cross: houses pieces of the cross of Jesus, this church holds the crown of thorns

Court style: earliest phase of Rayonnant, huge areas of windows separated by thin tracery, triforium gallery with windows, masses of colonnettes corresponding to ribs in the vault.

Choir of Beauvais cathedral, after 1284

the nave was never built and parts of it collapsed periodically, as it was 157 ft tall

(English Gothic) Early English: Canterbury Cathedral

choir

Trinity chapel: east end, holds relics for St. Thomas

circular corona: tower also on east end holding severed crown of Thomas Becker the martyr

Norman 'Thick Wall' construction (vs. flying buttresses)

Construction by William of Sens

"Decorated style": Wells Cathedral c. 1330

Strainer Arch: An arch set within an opening so as to resist inward pressure from the side members, at all 4 transept openings

Choir vault

The decorated use of architectural elements

"Perpendicular style": Chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey, 1503-12

Perpendicular style - broader than english gothic, fan vaults, walls of glass

Gothic - pointed arches, ribbed groin vaults, tracery

Pendants- "fan vaults" - cone shape things that hang down

(Italian Renaissance) Humanism

System of education, a study of the humanities. Based on the idea that everything worth knowing was contained in the corpus of Greek and Latin ancient texts. Everything a person needed to know could be learned through mastering the languages and texts.

(Italian Gothic) Santa Maria del Fiori (Cathedral)

Florence

Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio

Begun in 1296

Planned Expansion of Siena Cathedral

Basillica

Latin Cross

vast interior, empty impression

Neo-Platonism

A pagan school of thought based upon the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato that held the existence of a Supreme Being, "the One," who creates through an emanation of lesser beings, one of which is the logos.

(Early Renaissance) Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420-1436 Pazzi Chapel, Church of Santa Croce, Florence, begun c. 1430 pietra serena

Brunelleschi and Cambio: Crossing dome of Florence Cathedral

Pazzi Chapel: Brunelleschi

Church of Santa Croce: Brunelleschi

pietra serena: Gray sandstone used in building

did not use flying buttresses

Michelozzo Palazzo: Medici-Ricardi, Florence, 1444-59; rustication

palace in Florence

stone masonry

rustication: size and placing of bricks is clear, no smooth finishes

Leon Battista Alberti: Church of Sant' Andrea at Mantua, begun 1470

barrel-vault/ triumphal arch

Leonardo da Vinci: Drawings of centralized churches, 1490-1519, compare church of Santa Maria della Consolazione, Todi, 1508

centralized, domed, unlike most Renaissance churches, Greek cross, semicircular apse

Donato Bramante (1444-1514)

Early work: Milan, Santa Maria presso San Satiro, 1478ff

false apse

The High Renaissance in Rome

"Tempietto", San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502 Plan for New St. Peter's, 1506; Pope Julius II della Rovere (1503-13)

This is made in the High Renaissance architecture style, and is a tholos in the Tuscan/Doric order, with entablature.It was inspired by the Temple Vesta at Tivoli, as well as the Theater of Marcellus.

small circular chapel, inspired by classic temples, dome, elegantly simple reinterpretation of classical forms

Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520): The "Ornata maniera di fabbricare" (ornamented manner of building), sometimes called "Mannerism"

The Villa Madama, Rome, begun c. 1516

cf. Golden House of Nero

"Villegiatura"--the Letters of Pliny the Younger and Raphael's letter to Pope Leo

Villa Madama: By Sanzio for Pope Leo X

Mannerism: Slender, elongated limbs, splayed, twisting and turning bodies, contradicting all the traditional laws of proportion

Giulio Romano (c. 1499-1546)

Palazzo del Tè, Mantua, 1525-34; Federigo Gonzaga

mannerist style.this is the creation of kinetic architecture, where the ancient forms are assembled in a dynamic mannerwith the triple arcade on the front, the pieces are mirrored on both sidesthis monument is in the tuscan/doric order, and this symbolizes a lighthearted approach to sophisticated architecture

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

Michelangelo's Florentine architecture: creating a kinetic architecture of spatial

movement

Laurentian Library, Florence, 1524

ricetto (vestibule) with staircase completed 1550

quadripartite vaults

a rib vault which is divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs

pointed arches

arches with two curved sides that meet to form a point at the apex, Gothic characteristic

compound piers

piers with columns or pilasters attached to their rectangular core, Gothic

nave arcade

In basilica architecture, the series of arches supported by piers or columns separating the nave from the aisles.

triforium

In a Gothic cathedral, the blind arcade gallery below the clerestory; occasionally, the arcades are filled with stained glass

tracery

Stonework elements that support the glass in a gothic window, can either be bar (more delicate, glass dominates) or plate (thicker, stone dominates) tracery.