A+P 2 Lab Review

Lymphatic system returns leaked interstitial fluid and plasma back to the blood via the:

Lymphatic vessels

Blind ended tubes in which adjacent endothelial cells overlap each other to form flaplike mini-valves are called:

Lymphatic capillaries

Label #1

Filaments anchored to connective tissue

Label #2

Endothelial cell

Label #3

Flaplike mini-valves

Label #4

Fibroblasts in connective tissue

Which of the following regions DO NOT drain into the right lymphatic duct?

Right lower limbs

The thoracic duct drains the lymph into which vein?

Left Subclavian Vein

The right lymphatic duct drains the lymph into which vein?

Right Subclavian Vein

Appendix + Peyer’s Patches + Tonsils are related with MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue), which are key components of:

GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue)

Lymphoid nodules that destroy bacteria and prevent them from breaching into intestinal wall are:

Peyer’s Patches

Lymphoid organ that is involved with the maturation of B-cells:

Red Bone Marrow

Lymphoid organ that is involved with the maturation of T-cells:

Thymus

Primary organs of the Lymphatic System are:

1. Thymus

2. Red Bone Marrow

3. Fetal Liver

Secondary organs of the Lymphatic System are:

1. Lymph nodes

2. Spleen

3. MALT (tonsils, appendix, and peyer’s patches)

Red Bone Marrow is also actively invovled in:

Hemopoiesis

Where to find this tissue?

Thymus

What is the circled section called?

Medullary sinus

What type of tissue does the Pharyngeal Tonsil have?

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium or Respiratory System

What is the circle section called?

Tonsillar Crypt

Letter E is called:

Stratified squamous epithelium

Letter F is called?

Germinal center

What slide is this called?

Palatine Tonsil

Which is NOT a function of the respiratory System?

Returns leaked fluid into the blood

Conducting Zone of the Respiratory System ends at:

Terminal Bronchioles

Site fro gas exchange is:

Alveoli

Inferior boundary of the nasal cavity is called:

Vomer

Superior boundary of the nasal cavity is called:

Perpendicular plate

Posterior opening of the nasal cavity is called?

Choanae

What is the hair of the vestibule called?

Vibrissae

Region of the pharynx posterior to the oral cavity is called:

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx has what type of tissue?

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Oropharynx has what type of tissue?

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Nasopharynx has what type of tissue?

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Laryngeal Prominence is located in what cartilage of the larynx?

Thyroid Cartilage

What is the circled portion called?

Cardiac Impression/Notch

What type of tissue is known as the respiratory epithelium?

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Cells that makeup 5% of the Alveoli and secretes surfactant are called:

Cuboidal Great (Type II) Alveolar Cells

Cells that makeup 95% of the Alveoli and form thin squamous barrier specialized for gas exchange are called:

Squamous (Type I) Alveolar Cells

Which statement is true when it comes tot he Boyle’s Law?

If volume increases then pressure decreases

Which muscles do you use other than the diaphragm during quiet expiration?

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Which muscles do you use other than the diaphragm during quiet inspiration?

External and Parasternal Intercostal Muscles

Inspiration Muscles - External Intercostal Muscles:

• between ribs

• contract to elevate rib cage upward/outward

• increase the width of chest cavity

Inspiration Muscles - Parasternal Intercostal Muscles:

• lift upper rib cage

• work with other muscles to stabilize the chest wall

Expiration Muscles: Internal Intercostal Muscles

• active process

• no skeletal muscles are actively used

What’s the name of this image?

Spirometer

The wave that is encircled in the diagram is the respiratory volume exchanged during quiet breathing. It is called the __________.

Tidal Volume (TV)

This wave encircled in the image is called the __________.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Formula for Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

IC = TV + IRV

Formula for Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):

FRC: ERV + RV

Formula for Vital Capacity (VC):

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Formula for Total Lung Capacity (TLC):

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

TV/Tidal Volume:

• 500 mL

• air exchanged during normal breathing/relaxed

IRV/Inspiratory Reserve Volume:

• 3100 mL

• Extra air inhaled after inhalation

ERV/Expiratory Reserve Volume:

• 1200 mL

• Extra air exhaled after expiration

RV/Residual Volume:

• 1200 mL

• Remaining of air in lungs after full forceful expiration

When blood is too acidic =

Acidemia - Bicarbonate binds with excess H⁺ → carbonic acid → carbon dioxide + water → extra carbon dioxide is hyperventilated out by lungs

Acidemia:

High H⁺ and Low pH

When blood is too basic:

Alkalemia - carbonic acid dissociates/separate → releases more H⁺ → replenish/restore bicarbonate → leftover bicarbonate is managed by kidney and emptied into urine

Alkalemia:

Low H⁺ and High pH

Bicarbonate Buffer System: What is it + Formula?

• Mechanical mechanism that maintains the normal blood pH in the human body

• CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃^- OR

• CO₂ + H₂O ← H₂CO₃ ← H⁺ + HCO₃^-

What enzyme catalyzes CO₂ to HCO₃^- and reverse?

Carbonic anhydrase

Respiratory Volume can be used to asses:

Respiratory status

Respiratory Volume can be combined to calculate ____ which gives the respiratory status.

Respiratory capacities

Spirometer:

A tool used to measure respiratory volumes

Spirometry distinguishes between:

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

2. Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (RPD)

COPD/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:

• increases airway resistance

• ex: Bronchitis

• Hyperinflation of lungs (TLC, FRC, and RV may increase)

RPD/Restrictive Pulmonary Disease:

• TLC decreases due to disease/exposure to environmental agents

• ex: tuberculosis (disease)

• ex: fibrosis (exposure to environmental agents)

• Lung expansion compromised (TLC, FRC, RV, and VC decrease)

Gas Exchange involves what?

1. Oxygen

2. Carbon Dioxide

Where does Gas Exchange across?

Respiratory Epithelium/Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Gas Exchange is influenced by:

1. Pressure gradient

2. Thickness/surface area of respiratory epithelium

3. Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling:

Coordination between air + blood flow in alveoli to ensure efficient gas exchange

Gas Exchange: Movement of O₂

Alveoli → Capillaries/Blood

Gas Exchange: Movement of CO₂

Capillaries/Blood → Alveoli

Gas Exchange: Venous pressure of O₂

40 mmHg

Gas Exchange: Alveolar pressure of O₂

104 mmHg

Gas Exchange: Venous pressure of CO₂

45 mmHg

Gas Exchange: Alveolar pressure of CO₂

40 mmHg

Driven force of gas exchange:

Simple Diffusion (Partial Pressure + Pressure Gradient)

CO₂ diffuses → Alveoli because

Partial pressure in blood is higher than in the alveoli

O₂ diffuses → Capillaries/Blood because

Partial pressure in inhaled air inside alveoli is higher than oxygen-depleted blood

Oxygen is transported in 2 ways:

1. 2% is dissolved in plasma

2. 98% is bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs; 4 polypeptide chains, each with iron containing heme group, transporting 4 O₂ molecules each

Carbon Dioxide is transported in 3 forms:

1. 7 - 10% dissolved in plasma

2. 20% bound to globin part of hemoglobin aka carbaminohemoglobin

3. 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO₃^-) in plasma

2 Divisions of the Respiratory System:

1). Conducting Division - Nostrils → Terminal Bronchioles

• Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose → Superior of the Larynx

• Lower Respiratory Tract: Larynx → Lungs

2). Respiratory Division - Alveoli + Gas Exchange

What’s the Lung airflow?

Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli

Functions of the external part of the nose:

1. Warming/Cleansing/Humidifying

2. Odor

3. Amplification of voice

Septal Cartilage

Cartilage that separates the right and left nasal passage of the nose

What cartilage attaches the Larynx → Trachea?

Cricoid cartilage

Trachea:

• 12 cm long

• 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

• anterior to the esophagus

• lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated cells/goblet)

Carina

The inferior most fork of the trachea

Glottis

Vocal cords + openings

Elastic Arteries:

• thick walled

• large resistance lumen

• Aorta/major branches or Conducting Arteries - conduct blood from heart to medium sized vessels

Muscular Arteries:

• also called “Distributing Arteries” - deliver blood to body organs

• thickest tunica media w/ more smooth muscle + active vasoconstriction

Arterioles:

• smallest of all arteries

• control flow into blood capillaries via vasodilation + vasoconstriction of smooth muscle

• also called “resistance arteries” - changing diameter changes resistance to blood flow

Lymphatic Vessels (Lymphatics):

• one way system → heart

• includes lymphatic capillaries + larges lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic capillaries:

• Found in (limited) in areas of the meninges → help drain interstitial fluid from CSF

• Similar to blood capillaries but more permeable

• take up larger molecules/particles

• proteins, cell debris, cancer cells, pathogens