PPL Checkride Prep - p100i

PAVE

PILOT IMSAFE

AIRCRAFT AAVIATE, Weight and Balance, Walkaround/Preflight, ARROW

ENVIRONENT NWKRAFT

EXTERNAL PRESSURES

IMSAFE

Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Emotions/eating

AAV1ATE

Airworthiness Directives

Annual Inspection - 12 CM (Every Plane)

VOR Check - 30 Days (IFR Only)

100 Hour - Compensation or Hire

Altimeter and Pitot Static System - 24 CM

Transponder - 24 CM

ELT - 1 hr of use, half of the battery life, 12 CM

Airframe and Powerplant Mechanic/with an Inspectors Authorization (A and P/APIA)

A and P - 100 hour

APIA - Annual

ARROW

Airworthiness - Doesn't expire as long as AD's are complied with

Registration - 7 yrs

Radio Operating License - International Only

Operation Limitations - POH

Weight and Balance - POH

NWKRAFT

NOTAMS

Weather

Known ATC Delays Runway

Lengths and Widths

Alternates Fuel Req

Takeoff and Landing Distance

4 Stages of an Engine

Intake - Air comes in (suck)

Compression - Air is compressed (squeeze)

Combustion - Fuel and Air mix then ignite (bang)

Exhaust - Fumes leave the cylinder (blow)

ATOMATOFLAMES (DAY VFR REQ) 91.205

Airspeed Indicator

Tachometer Oil

Pressure Gauge (each engine)

Manifold Pressure Gauge (each engine)

Altimeter

Temperature Gauge (each LIQUID COOLED engine)

Oil Temperature Gauge (each engine)

Fuel Gauge (each fuel tank)

Landing Gear Position Indicator

Anti Collision Lights Magnetic

Compass

ELT

Safety Belts

FLAPS (NIGHT VFR REQ + DAY)

Fuses (circuit breakers)

Landing Light

Anti-Collision Lights

Position

Lights Source of Electricity

SAFETY

Seat Belts

Air Vents

Fire Extinguisher

Exit Door(s)

Talking Your Questions

p100i Avionics

G3X - PFD

G5 - Standby Instrument

GNX375 - Transponder

Pitot Static Systems

Pitot - Airspeed Indicator

Static - Airspeed Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI), Altimeter

Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

Pitot and Static ports

Pitot tube connect to the diaphragm type balloon (ram air pressure)

Static port provides air pressure to the rest of the empty space (static pressure)

Altimeter (ALT)

Works similarly to the airspeed indicator

However, the diaphragm in the altimeter is pre-sealed and is referred to as an Aneroid Wafer

After we set the pressure in the kollsman window, the rise and drop in the air pressure applies a varying force upon the aneroid wafer, and depending on the expansion or contraction of the wafer inside of the altimeter, it gives us the proper reading

Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

Compares static air pressure to a change in static air pressure

Two lines of static pressure are connected to the VSI and the change in static pressure is measured by a "Calibrated Leak"

 As we ascend or descend, higher pressure air always wants to go from low to high, same applies here

Clogged Pitot Tube

Only the airspeed indicator will be affected

No ram air pressure is being sent to the diaphragm

 The diaphragm will cease to expand and contract with airspeed changes

Making the airspeed indicator act like an altimeter

Note: if the pitot tube has a drain hole that is unclogged, the ASI will drop to zero

Clogged Static Port (ASI)

The static port gets clogged while flying at 5,000' MSL

 This would trap 5,000' air in the static area of the airspeed indicator and cause the diaphragm to expand and contract incorrectly at higher and lower altitudes

Clogged Static Port (ALT)

The altimeter will freeze at the altitude where the clog occurred

No changing static pressure inside the instrument casing

No expanding and contracting of the pre-sealed aneroid wafer

Clogged Static Port (VSI)

No static pressure change in the diaphragm or in the pressure flowing out of the calibrated leak

Therefore, the VSI will drop to a 0 indication and freeze there

Vacuum System

The aircraft's vacuum system is typically run via a vacuum pump connected to the aircraft's engine

The vacuum pump sucks air through the vacuum system to power the vacuum associated instrument gauges

Gyroscopic Instruments

Attitude Indicator

Heading Indictor

Turn Coordinator (electrically powered)

Rigidity in Space

A gyroscope (when spinning) tends to resist the motion of the aircraft in flight

It is able to maintain its position in space due to rotational velocity

This is because more "G-Forces" are pulling out on the gyroscope than are pulling down on the gyroscope

Precession

Because of the rotational velocity of the gyroscope, precession states that : The resulting force will take place 90 degrees ahead of the applied force in the direction of rotation

p100i Electrical System

Alternator/Generator - 28 Volts, 70 Amps Battery - 24 volts Master/Battery Switch Alternator/Generator Switch Bus Bars Fuses or Circuit Breakers Voltage Regulator - 28 Volts Ammeter or Loadmeter Associated Electrical Wiring

Parasite Drag

Drag not associated with the product of lift

Form Drag - engine cowling, antennas

Interference Drag - wing root meets fuselage

Skin-friction Drag - paint chips

Induced Drag

Bi product of Lift

4 Left Turning Tendancies

P-factor - Descending blade take a "bigger bite" of air creating more thrust than the ascending blade

Spiraling Slipstream

Gyroscopic precession - a force applied is felt 90 degrees in the direction of rotation

Torque - Newtons 3rd

Adverse Yaw

Turn left = right, vise versa, caused by drag created by the deflection of the ailerons

Category

Airplane Glider Rotorcraft

Class

SEL MEL SES MES

Type

a380 p28 b747

Engine Out

Airspeed - 76 Best place to land Checklist, fuel tanks, fuel pump on, full rich, alt air open, ELT on, cycle mags Declare emergency - squawk 7700

E Decend

power idle 30 degrees of bank away from fire lights off if needed pitch for top of green arc land asap

Engine Fire

fuel selector off fuel pump off mixture leaned e descent

Airspace (91.155)

Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta Echo Golf

Class Alpha

18000 to FL600 29.92 NO WEATHER MINIMUMS

Class Bravo

Blue solid lines "Big" INTL airports Entry req - Clearance, mode-C transponder and ADSB-Out, PPL or proper endorsements Weather minimums - 3 SM Vis and Clear of Clouds

Class Charlie

Magenta solid lines "Crowded" airports Lower shelf (core) 5 SM radius, up to 1200 AGL Upper shelf - 10 NM, up to 4000 AGL Entry Req - two way coms, mode-C transponder and ADSB-Out Weather minimums - 3-152

Class Delta

Dashed blue lines "Dialogue" Surface to 2500 AGL, 4 NM radius Entry Req - two way com Weather minimums - 3-152

Class Echo

Almost "everywhere" 3 different floors going to the underlying airspace 700 AGL 1200 AGL Weather minimums - below 10k MSL - 3-152 Above 10k - 5-111 SM

Class Golf

UNCONTROLLED airspace Any airspace thats not ABCDE Surface to overlying airspace

Day

10K MSL - 5-111 1200-10000 - 1-152 <1200 AGL - 3-152

Night

10K MSL - 5-111 1200-10000 - 3-152 <1200 AGL - 3-152

Special Use Airspace

Military Operating Area (MOA) Controlled Firing Area Prohibited Area - X Restricted Alert Area Warning Area National Security Area - X

Standard day

15 degrees C 29.92 In Hg

Standard Lapse Rate

2 degrees C per 1000' -1 In Hg

Coriolis Force

Air is deflected due to the rotation of the earth

Northern Hemisphere - 90 degrees to the right

Southern Hemisphere - 90 degrees to the left

The friction of the earth tends to slow the moving air and diver it from its original path

“H” - High pressure system

outward, downward, clockwise

anti-cyclonic

calm, clear, dry

“L” - Low pressure system

inward, upward, counterclockwise

cyclonic

cloudy, rainy, stormy

Convective Currents

Convection is vertically moving air

Wind is horizontally moving air

Turbulance

Uneven heating of the surface

Virga

Precipitation evaporates before hitting the ground

Wind Shear

Sudden change in the direction or velocity of wind

This can create updrafts, downdrafts, and change the horizontal movement

Low Level Wind Shear

Surface level wind shear

EXTREMELY DANGEROUS

Micro Burst

Convective activity

Indicated by rain or virga at the base of the cloud

Life span - 5-15 min

Down drafts up to -6k ft per min and headwind loses from 30-90 KTS

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

3 degrees C per 1k ft

Temp Inversion

When climbing air gets warmer

Smooth stable air

Humidity

Amount of vapor present in the atmosphere

Relative Humidity

Actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount of moisture the air could hold at that temperature

Cloud Formation

Adequate water vapor

Condensation Nuclei

A method by which air may be cooled

When air cools and reaches its saturation point, the invisible water vapor changes into its visible state

Low Clouds

Surface to 6500 AGL

Stratus

Nimbostratus

Stratocumulus

Middle Clouds

6500 to 20000 AGL

Alto

Altostratus

Altocumulus

High Clouds

>20k AGL

Cirrus

Cirrostratus

Cirrocumulus

Clouds with vertical development - Anvil Tops

Cumulus

Cumulonimbus

Fog

A cloud that is on or within 50 ft of the surface

Temperature near the ground is cooled to the airs dew point

Radiation Fog

Forms on clear nights with little to no wind

Ground cools rapidly due to the terrestrial radiation

Surrounding air temp reaches dew point

Low lying areas

Advection Fog

Forms when a layer of smooth warm air moves over a cold surface

Winds required - up to 15 KTS

Coastal areas

Upslope Fog

Forms when moist stable air is forced upsloping mountains

Requires wind to develop

Persists for days

Mountains

Steam Fog

Forms when cold dry air moves over warm water

As water Evaporates it rises

Over water during cold times of the year

Ice Fog

Forms in very cold weather

Must be -25 F or colder

Water vapor turns into ice crystals instantly

Arctic regions

Fronts

The boundary layer between two types of air masses

Warm Front

Warm mass of air advances and replaces a body of colder air

Slow moving (10-25 MPH)

High humidity

Good weather

Cold Front

Cold dense air replaces a body of warm air

Fast moving (25-30 MPH)

Bad weather

Stays close to the ground, acting like a snow plow

Stationary Front

When the forces of two air masses are equal

Mixture of warm and cold fronts

Can last for days, even weeks

Occluded Front

Occurs when a fast moving cold front catches up to a slow moving warm front

Very dangerous

Warm front weather prevails but immediately followed by cold front

Thunderstorms

Should be avoided by 20 NM, ideally 50-60 NM

Cumulus Stage

Lifting action begins

Strong updrafts

Present rain

Mature Stage

Most violent

Rain starts

Up and down drafts

Dissipating Stage

Down drafts

TS Ingrediants

Unstable air

Uplifting action

Visible moisture

Squall line

Narrow band of thunderstorms

Isobars

black lines

Lines of equal pressure

When close together = stronger winds

Trough

Orange/brown lines

Area of elongated low pressure

Ridge

Yellow lines

Area of elongated high pressure

Icing

Disturbs the smooth airflow over the wing, prop, and tail

Clear Ice

Most dangerous

Supercooled water droplets freeze slowly over a surface

Smooth and hard to see

Rime Ice

Supercooled water droplets freeze instantly

Rough texture and white

Ingredients of Icing

Surface of the airplane needs to be below freezing

Visible moisture

METAR

Aviation routine weather report

• Observation of current weather

• Reported in a standard format

• Typically updated on an hourly basis

• Can be updated more frequently (SPECI)

PIREPS

Actual Inflight conditions by other pilots, can confirm height of bases and top of clouds

Icing

UA - NON URGENT

UUA - URGENT

TAF

Terminal aerodrome forecast

• Excepted weather for a 5 SM vicinity

• Valid for 24 hrs, issued every 6 hrs

Airmets

Inflight weather advisories

• Issued every 6 hrs as needed

• Considered potentially hazard to light aircraft

Sierra

IFR conditions

Mountain obscuration

Tango

Light to moderate turbulance

Zulu

Light to moderate icing

Sigmets

Valid for 4 hrs

Extremely dangerous

• Severe icing not associated with TS

• Severe or extreme turbulence

• Dust, sandstorms, or volcanic ash

Convective Sigmet

Valid for 2 hrs

• Associated with TS

• Issued for severe TS

• Surface winds of >50 KTS

• Hail ¾ in or >

• Tornadoes

• Micro bursts

Inversion

Climb-Level out-tumble backwards

Vestibular

Corriolis

Quick head movement

feels like you are spinning everywhere

Vestibular

Elevator

Up and down drafts

Somatosensory

False Horizon

Self explanatory

Leans

Turn

Fluid equalizes

New straight and level

Tighten bank

Opposite direction

Vestibular