IGCSE PE REVISION - SKELETAL, MUSCULAR, RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORYSYSTEM

ulna

inside your forearm

radius

outside your forearm

femur

in the thigh

carpals

in the wrist

metacarpals

finger bones

phalanges in hand

fingertip bones

patella

in the kneecap

tibia

on the inside of your calves

fibula

on the outside of your calves

talus

in the ankle

tarsals

near the heel

metatarsals

toe bones

phalanges in foot

toe tip bone

what does the skeleton give the human body

shape and support

to create movement

what does the skeleton allow the human body to do

what does the skeleton allow the human body to produce

blood

how does the skeleton protect the human body

it protects vital organs

shape and support, movement, producing blood, protecting vital organs

what are the four functions of the skeleton

long bones are

levers to produce a large range of movement

short bones

provide stability and support

flat bones

provide large surface area for muscles to attach, and protection for organs

irregular bones

provide protection and support, shaped to suit a specific job

sesamoid bones

provide muscle leverage and acts as pulleys to reduce friction

fibrous joints

are immovable joints

cartilaginous joints

are slightly moveable joints

synovial joints

are freely moveable joints

a joint

a point in the body where two or more bones are joined in a way that permits movement

synovial membrane

surrounds the joint capsule with synovial fluid

synovial fluid

acts as a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint, allows for smooth movement, and reduces wear and tear

ligament

strong elastic fibers that keep bones in place

cartilage

a flexible material found at the end of bones that acts as a shock absorber and reduce friction

ball and socket joints

one bone has a bulge or a ball that fits into a socket in the other bone

ball and socket joints are located in the

shoulders and hips

hinge joints

like hinges on a door, allowing movement in one direction

hinge joints are located in the

elbows and knees

flexion

bending a part at the joint towards you

extension

straightening a part at the joint

abduction

a sideways movement away from the center of the body

adduction

a sideways movement towards the center of the body

medial rotation

rotates inside

lateral rotation

rotates outside

circumduction

occurs when the end of a bone moves in a circle

plantar flexion

pointing feet towards the ground

dorsiflexion

pointing feet towards the sky

muscles

a band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract, producing movement in the body

tendon

a tough band of fibrous tissues that anchors muscles to a bone and allows movement to happen

origin

where a muscle joins a stationary bone

insertion

where a muscle joins a moving bone

anterior muscles

muscles in the front side of the body

posterior

muscles in the back side of the body

achilles tendon

the hard ridge that runs up to your calf muscles

agonist muscles

prime mover muscle in a pair

antagonist muscle

non working muscle in a pair

isotonic muscular contractions

where muscles change length as they contract

concentric contraction

where the muscle shortens as they contract

eccentric contraction

where muscles lengthen as they contract

isometric contraction

where muscles contract, but stay the same length

slow twitch fibres

use oxygen to fire, take longer to get going, but can work for longer without getting tired

fast twitch fibres

thicker and quicker to contract, but wear out faster

aerobic exercise

a repetitive physical activity that increases supply to oxygenated blood, so muscles can keep performing over an extended period of time

anaerobic exercise

a short period of high intensity activity, where your body's demand for oxygen is greater than the supply available

pathways of air

nasal pathways, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

alveoli

small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place

diffusion

the process where movement of gas form an area of high concentration to low concentration

during inhalation the intercostal muscles

contract, and pull the chest walls up and out. the diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens, increasing the size of the chest cavity

during exhalation the intercostal muscles

relax, so the chest walls move in and down, and the diaphragm muscle below the lungs relaxes and bulges up, reducing the size of the chest cavity

maximal exercise

an activity where the intensity is constant throughout a short period of time

submaximal exercise

an activity with a steady increase in workload or intensity, working at about 85% of our maximal heart rate

tidal volume

the volume of air you inhale with each breathe during normal breathing (the depth of your breathing)

minute ventilation

the volume of air in liters that you breathe per minute

vital capacity

the maximum volume volume of air you can breathe out

residual volume

the volume of air left in your lungs after breathing out

minute ventilation equation

tidal volume (ml) x # of breaths (per min) = minute ventilation

diaphragm

muscular sheet at the base of the chest cavity dividing it from the abdomen

intercostal muscles

the muscles in between the ribs that raise and lower the ribs

gaseous exchange

The process in the lungs whereby oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide is removed from it, and takes place in the alveoli

blood pumps to the

lungs, heart, muscles, and brain

the main function of blood

to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body, while also removing carbon dioxide and waste

red blood cells

transport oxygen around the body

white blood cells

fight infection

platelets

clot to prevent blood loss during injury

plasma

is the liquid part of blood

haemoglobin

an iron containing protein found in the red blood cells

the haemoglobin's job is to

carry oxygen to be exchanged at the working muscle and carbon dioxide to be exchanged at the lungs

arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart

capillaires

carry blood TO and FROM the body's cells

vein

carries blood back IN the heart

tricuspid and bicuspid valves prevent

blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles

semilunar valves prevent

expelled blood from flowing back into the heart

vena cava

the largest vein in the body- collects de ox blood from the body back to the heart

pulmonary artery

carries de ox blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs

aorta

the largest artery in the body - carries ox blood away from the left ventricle to the body

pulmonary vein

returns ox blood from the lungs to the heart

deoxygenated blood pathway

enters the heart via the vena cava - fills the right atrium - right atrium contracts - tricuspid valve opens and fills the right ventricle with de ox blood - then tricuspid valve closes to prevent back flow - right ventricle is filled with de ox blood

oxygenated blood pathway

blood from the lungs enters the heart via the pulmonary vein -fills the left atrium - bicuspid valve opens and begins to fill the left ventricle with ox blood - bicuspid valve closes to prevent back flow - left ventricle is filled with ox blood