aphug unit 2 population

neolithic revolution

began about 12,000 yrs ago. domestication of livestock and agriculture

10000 BCE to 1750

slow but steady growth. decline during plagues of the 1300s

industrial revolution

• mid 18th century

• •Innovations in textile machinery = factories and more predictable work.

  •Innovations in public health, sewer systems, better medical techniques

  •DECLINE IN MORTALITY caused population boom in the 1800s and the 1900s

population concentrations

–2/3 of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions.

•East Asia (China #1 most populated country)

•South Asia  (India #2 most populated country)

•Southeast Asia

•Europe

site and situation of population clusters

•Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate

•Near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean.

the ecumene

the portion of the earth with permanent human settlement

• 75% live on only 5% of the earth’s surface

arithmetic density

•Total number of people divided by total land.

•Enables comparisons of the # of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world.

physiological density

•Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

agricultural density

•Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. 

the demographic equation

Future population = current population

+ births – deaths

+ immigrants – emigrants

crude birth rate (CBR)

•# of children born alive per year per 1000 people in a population

total fertility rate

•The # of children a woman can expect to have in her lifetime given current fertility rates

•Gives best idea about size of families & consequences of family size on young people

replacement level of fertility

•A TFR of 2.1-2.3

•Also called “zero population growth” (ZPG)

Crude death rate (CDR)

•# of deaths per year in a population per 1,000 people

• not a good way to measure development bc this high CDR could just mean a lot of old ppl

infant mortality rate (IMR)

•(The # of infants who die before age 1 /by all births) x 1000

• a good way to measure development

rate of natural increase as a % (RNI%)

•RNI = (crude birth rate – crude death rate) / 10

•Does NOT account for migration

rate of pop growth

factors in migration

doubling time

how many years it will take for a population to double

demographic transition model (DTM)

• A model of demographic change based on Europe’s population in the 18^th-20^th centuries.

• Argues that, as a country modernizes, its fertility  and mortality rates drop, but not at the same time. Because death rates drop before birth rates, population increase will occur.

stage 1

• low growth

• •Marked by very high birth and death rates.

  •No long-term natural increase

  •No country presently in this stage

stage 2

• high growth

• •Marked by rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates

  •High natural increase

  •Europe and North America entered stage 2, as a result of the Industrial Revolution (~1750).

  •Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 around 1950, as a result of medical revolution-improved medical care.

stage 3

• moderate growth

• •Marked by rapid decline in birth rates and steady decline in death rates

  •Natural increase is moderate.

  •Gap between CBR and CDR is narrower in stage 3 countries than stage 2 countries.

  •Population grows, because CBR is still greater than CDR.

  •Most European countries and North America transitioned to stage 3, during first half of twentieth century.

stage 4

• low growth

• •Marked by very low birth and death rates

  •No long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease

  •Country reaches stage 4 when population gains by CBR are diminished by losses because of CDR.

  •Condition known as zero population growth (ZPG)

  •Demographers more precisely define ZPG as the TFR that produces no population change.

  •Population change results from immigration.

stage 5

potential resurgence of infectious disease due to globalization

developed countries (MDC)

•Lower rates of…

–Natural increase

–Crude birth

–Total fertility

–Infant mortality

developing countries (LDC)

•Higher rates of…

–Natural increase

–Crude birth

–Total fertility

–Infant mortality

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

• Abdel Omran 1971

• Each of the stages of the demographic transition model have distinctive causes of death

struggles of stage 1

• infectious and parasitic diseases

• accidents and animal attacks

• natural checks on population

struggles of stage 2

• receding pandemics

• sanitation, nuitrition, medicine lead to lower CDR

struggles of stage 3

• degenerative and man-made diseases

  • heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity

struggles of stage 4

• delayed degenerative diseases

  • extend life expectancy due to medical advances

population structure

–Fertility and mortality vary not only spatially but also temporally within a country.

population pyramid

• a special bar graph that visually display a countrys distinctive population structure

• X-axis

  –Percent male displayed to the left of zero

  –Percent female displayed to the right of zero

  •Y-axis

  –Age cohorts typically grouped in 5-year intervals

  –Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top

dependency ration

•Defined as the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.

–People aged 0 to 14 years & 65+ are considered dependents.

–Larger dependency ratios imply greater financial burden on the working class.

»85 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, while 47 percent in Europe.

sex ratio

•Defined as the number of males per 100 females in the population

–Developed countries have more females than males, because they tend to live 7 years longer.

carrying capacity

•The maximum population that can be sustained by the available resources & level of tech in an area

a region can exceed its carrying capacity if…..

•population growth outpaces available resources

•Impacted by:

–Food production

–Water availability

–Ag practices

–Resource management

thomas malthus of england

–1798, An Essay on the Principle of Population

–Believed that food production would not keep up with population growth

neo-malthusians

–Modern theorists who believe in Malthus’ notion that population growth will lead to global crisis

–Often talk about environmental aspects, such as deforestation

malthus’s critics

•Many geographers consider his beliefs too pessimistic.

–Malthus’s theory based on idea that world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding.

–Did not account for technology

malthus on overpopulation

–Theory and Reality

•Food production has increased over last 50 years faster than Malthus predicted.

•His model predicted world population to quadruple over the course of 50 years.

–Not even in India has population growth outpaced food production.

ester boserup

•Argued that population growth stimulates societies to innovate and produce more food.

marxists

•Argue that food is poorly distributed

implosionists

•believe lack of population will be a problem because jobs will be unfilled

explosionists

more malthusian

population planning

•Modern focus is on cultural attitudes, contraceptives, better recordkeeping & technology, and improving the status of women

pro-natalist policy

a population policy which aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives.  More common in MDCs

anti-natalist policy

A population policy which discourages births

More common in LDCs

USSR - pro natalist

•Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

one child policy

• began in late 1970s

• restricts # of births for most couples

• strictest in urban areas

• weakest in rural, minority region

• impacts of policy

rewards of chinas one child policy

• free medical care

• free daycare and schooling

• guaranteed job for child

• bonuses for parents

• extra maternity leave

• better housing

• bigger old age pension

penalities of chinas one child policy

• must repay financial benefits

• educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn

• parents’ wages reduced