ENCW201 EXAM 1

Based on the definitions given in class: the term "Wildlife" could include all living thin, whether they are domesticated or non-domesticated. (T/f)

False

Ecology is the scientific study of the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Choose all of the correct root terms used by Ernst Haeckel in creating the word "Ecology".(MC)

-logos meaning "study of"

-oikos meaning "home

"Conservation" includes the concept of using our natural resources, e.g., timber harvest, fishing, and hunting, but doing so in a manner that is sustainable. (t/f)

true

Choose all answers that are defining characteristics of the class Mammalia, i.e., traits that you will only find in mammals and no other animals.(m/c)

-Hair

-Three inner ear bones

-mammary glands

Choose all answers that are defining characteristics of the class Aves (Birds), i.e., traits that you will only find in birds and no other animals. (mc)

-Feathers

There is more mammal diversity (i.e., a higher total number of mammal species) than birds, reptiles, or amphibians, and mammals are also the most threatened group (i.e., they have the highest proportion of threatened species). (t/f)

False

How communities (the living part of an ecosystem) vary across time after a disturbance (e.g., a forest fire) is described by the term "Biome". (t/f)

False

Choose all correct answers: As you move up in trophic level, e.g., from producer "up" to primary consumer, or primary consumer "up" to secondary consumer:(mc)

-there is a decrease in numbers of organisms

-there is a loss of approximately 90% of the energy available.

A niche is considered an animals habitat, e.g., the physical and biological resources required by an organism for its survival and reproduction.(t/f)

False

Which of the following steps are part of the process of Natural Selection? (mc)

-Some individuals are able to outcompete others for limited resources and pass on their genes

-There must be genetic variation within a species

-An overabundance of individuals leads to a shortage in resources

When one animal kills and eats another animal this is known as (1) , however, other interactions between animals are also present. One such as interaction is when one species benefits from the actions of another, but the other species is not affected either way. This is called (2) and is seen in species like cattle egret that benefit from feeding on insects stirred up by cattle, but the cattle themselves are not affected either way. Another interaction is when two different species compete for the same resource, which is called (3). An example would be when brown bears and mountain lions compete over a deer kill. A fourth interaction is seen when two different species have a symbiotic relationship in which both animals benefit. This interaction, (4) , is exemplified by the gobi fish and pistol shrimp, who share a burrow in the ocean and "help" each other.

1) Predation

2)Commensalism

3)Interspecific Competition

4)Mutualism

The term habitat, as defined in class, refers to (select all that apply):

-The physical and biological resources needed by an animal in order to reproduce

-The physical and biological resources needed by an animal to survive

Habitat can be separated into 4 broad categories

1)food

2)space

3)shelter

4)water

The bald eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland habitat such as seacoasts, rivers, large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of open water with an abundance of fish, these fish are (1) the component of habitat. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of water with a circumference greater than 11 km (7 mi), and lakes with an area greater than 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are optimal for breeding bald eagles, this is (2)the component of habitat. The bald eagle typically requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for perching, roosting, and nesting, this is the (3) component of habitat. Tree species reportedly is less important to the eagle pair than the tree's height, composition and location. Perhaps of paramount importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding the body of water.

Bald eagles and eaglets (baby eagles) de

1)FOOD

2)SPACE

3)SHELTER

4)WATER

An female cougar (also known as a mountain lion, catamount, or puma), reaches reproductive age at ~2 years old and produces a litter every two to three years. Female cougars are very protective of their cubs, which stay with there mother for up to 2 1/2 years. This reproductive system is best described as:

a K strategist

In a monogamous species, having a sex ratio skewed towards females (i.e., more females than males) will provide the highest level of production/natality. (t/f)

false

The following graph shows BLANK . Which exhibits a population that faces BLANK which results in the number of animals leveling off at K, also known as it's BLANK

1) LOGISTIC GROWTH

2)LIMITING FACTORS

3)CARRYING CAPACITY

An early effort to develop a new whooping crane migratory population failed, because when whooping crane chicks imprinted upon sandhill crane mothers they not only learned to migrate and eat like sandhill cranes, but also tried to court/mate with sandhill cranes. (t/f)

true

Caribou are primarily active across the entire day, which suggest the are a (1) species, however their feeding activity occurs primarily around the dawn and dusk hours, which, if we were defining activity patterns based solely on feeding would suggest that they are a (2) species. Regardless, both of these classifications are general descriptions of their (3) . Caribou are also migratory, moving from summer calving grounds to wintering grounds every year, this is part of their (4)

1)Circadian Rhythm

2)Crepuscular

3)Circadian Rhythm

4)Circadian Rhythm

What BEST describes the behavior of an animal that is more likely to emit a warning call to alert its group members that a predator is near when the group includes close relatives, and less likely to emit a warning call when the group is not closely related. This warning call increases the emitters likelihood of being noticed by the predator, and thus endangers the individual.(mc)

Kin selection

One day you are walking to the grocery store (way to be ecologically conscious!) and enjoying the fresh, clean air and the gentle cool breeze from the nearby forest, this is a (1) ecosystem service. When you get to the grocery store you wander in and purchase wild caught Alaskan salmon for a special dinner, you are benefiting from a (2) ecosystem service. As you leave the store you take a detour through the local park and stumble across a cave with ancient paintings on the wall depicting wild animals. This suggests that a previous group of humans had a (3) from their ecosystem.

1)

2)

3)cultural

What is Wildlife ?

all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms

Gifford Pinchot-1907

-Conservation

-"planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation"

Ernst Haeckel

"Father of Ecology"

oikos=home

logos=study

ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Bats make up (x) and rodents (x) which account for more than half of all mammal species in the world!

-20%

-40%

What characteristics best describes why a species is classified as Carnivora?

Have prominent canines and sharp claws.

How many mammal species are there in the world?

5500 (965 in North America)

How many bird species are there in the world?

9900

If they have scales, backbone, produces eggs, and is cold blooded its most likely a....

reptile

how many reptile species in the world?

11,000

a characteristic common among all amphibians?

moist skin

How many amphibian species are there?

8100

what group has more endangered species?

amphibians

Abitoic

A term that describes a nonliving factor in an ecosystem.(ex: sunlight,water cycle)

biotic

Describes living factors in the environment. (insects, fish)

Nutrients cycle

-Carbon cycle (ex: photosynthesis, animals eating vegetation)

-Nitrogen cycle

detritivores/decomposers

eat things like dead leaves, dung, bacteria

community

living part of ecosystem

Biomes

A community of living organisms of a single major ecological region.

range of tolerance

the conditions in which an organism can live

Niche

the functional role of an organism considered in the environment in which it lives...its "job"

-multidimensional( time of hunting, location of prey, size of prey)

Generalists

a species with a broad niche that can tolerate a wide range of conditions and can use a variety of resources

specialists

species with narrow niches, narrow optimal conditions

competitive exclusion theory

- No two organisms can occupy the same niche at the same time in the same place

- The more similar the organisms are, the more intense the competition between them

- The less-fit species will have to evolve into a different niche, move to a different area, or become extinct

natural selection

process that determines which individuals will pass on their genes to the next generation

steps of natural selection

1. Individuals within a species show genetic

variation

2. Organisms reproduce many more offspring

than are needed to replace the parents.

3. Excess numbers of individuals result in a

shortage of resources

4. Individual variation allows some a greater

chance of obtaining resources, and therefore

a greater chance of reproducing than others

5. Over time, each generation is subjected to

natural selection. The percentage of individuals

showing favorable variations will thus increase

and those having unfavorable variations will

decrease

evolution

the changes that we see in the genes and characteristics displayed by successive generation of a population.

speciation

the production of new species from previously existing species

allopatric speciation

speciation occurs due to separation over space.

sympatric speciation

occurs when speciation happens in the same area

If a species can adapt to a changing environment....

it will go extinct

Extinction

the loss of an entire species

sixth mass extinction

occurring now due to humans (1000+ species in 400 years)

predation

one organism known as the predator, kills and eats another organism, known as the prey.

competition

two organisms strive to obtain the same limited rescource

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

parasitism (-/+)

one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

Ectoparasites

Parasites that feed on external surface of host.

endoparasite

parasite living on the inside of its host

Commensalism(+/0)

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism(+/+)

Interaction that benefits both species

what are the two primary components of wildlife habitat?

-food and shelter (cover)

habitat

physical and biological resources required by an organism for its survival and reproduction

basic components of habitat

Food

Shelter (cover)

Water

Space

nocturnal

active at night

diurnal

active during the day

circadian rhythm

-circadian: once a day

-daily activity patterns of animals w regular pattern of about 24 hours (ex: sleeping, feeding, singing)

-adjusted by external cues (sunlight)

Crepuscular

active at dawn and dusk

circannual cycles

-approximately one year; -seasonal behavioral patterns (molting (birds), breeding, hibernation, and migration)

-influenced by day length

-periodic movements from one location to another

-response to changing resources

courtship

Physical characteristics along with ritualized displays and behaviors to increase intraspecific recognition.

Visual or auditory

Kin Selecton

natural selection operating on the interactions between closely related cooperating individuals

-call more when they are close to relatives

predator avoidance

-confusion: makes it harder for predator to pick one out of prey

dilution: the larger the group, the less likely you are to be picked by predator

"many eyes" hypothesis

group predator vigilance increases, faster predator detection

finding food

group searching for food, cooperation among members (predators), "many eyes" for prey

Biodiversity

the diversity of genes, species and ecosystems in a region.

genetic diversity

the number of different kinds of genes in a population or species.

species diversity

measure of different species present in an area

ecosystem diversity

the number of kinds of ecosystems present in an area

4 broad categories of ecosystem services

1)provisioning

2)Regulation

3)Supporting

4)Cultural

Provisioning

anything that can be extracted from nature that benefits harvester

-food, timber, fuel, fibers, soil, water, ect.

Regulation services

-climate regulation

-carbon sequestration

-water purification

-pollination

supporting services

- maintain the provisioning and regulating services

- photosynthesis

- nutrient cycling

- seed dispersal

cultural services

recreation, spiritual, cultural

Ethical Values

-organisms have an intrinsic value to exist

-there is great value in just knowing that there are wild areas still out there.